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Carbon compounds containing more than one halogen atom are called polyhalogen compounds. Most of these compounds are valuable in industry and agriculture. Some important polyhalogen compounds are
This is the common method for preparing haloalkanes in laboratory. Alcohols can be converted to haloalkanes by substitution of - OH group with a halogen atom. Different reagents can be used
Alkyl halides can be prepared from alkanes through substitution and from alkenes through addition of halogen acids or through allylic substitution. From alkanesWhen alkanes are
Aldehydes which do not have -hydrogen atom, such as formaldehyte and benzaldehyte, when heated with concentrated (50%)alkali solution, give a mixture of alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic
1. Physical state: the first three aliphatic acids are colourless liquids with pungent smell. The next six are oily liquids with an odour of rancid butter while the higher members are colourless,
In these reaction oxygen atom of carbonyl group is replaced by either one divalent group or two monovalent groups. Reaction by ammonia derivatives: aldehydes and ketones react with a number of ammoni
Like ammonia, primary, secondary and tertiary amines have a single pair of electrons on N atom. Hence chemical behavior of amines is similar to ammonia. Amines are basic in nature, and in most of the
The diazonium salts are represented by the general formula ArN2 +X where X- ion may be anion such as (Cl) ¨, B ¨r, HSO ¨4, etc. The N+2group is (N+ ≡
In common system, the aliphatic amines are named by using prefix for alkyl group followed by the word amine.In case of mixed amines, the name of alkyl groups are arranged in alphabetical order. This i
Orthosubstituted anilines are generally weaker bases than aniline irrespective of the electron releasing or electron withdrawing nature of the substituent. This is known as ortho effect and may probab
Basic character of amines is related to their structural arrangement. Basic strength of amines depends on the relative ease of formation of the corresponding cation by accepting a proton from the acid
These are polymers that can be broken into small segments by enzyme-catalysed reactions. The required enzymes are produced by microorganism. It is a known fact that the carbon-carbon bonds of
During the formation of polymers, different macromolecules have different degree of polymerisation i.e. they have varied chain lengths. Thus, the molecular masses of the individual macromolecules in a
Polymers are the chief products of modern chemical industry which form the backbone of present society. Daily life without the discovery and varied applications of polymers would not have been easier
These types of polymers are formed as a result of condensation reaction between monomer units. Some common examples are being discussed here: 1. Polyesters (i) Terelene: It is a polymer
This classification of polymers is based upon how the monomeric units are linked together. Based on their structure, the polymers are classified as: 1. Linear polymers: these are the polymers i
To meet human needs, scientists have started preparing synthetic rubbers. Besides having similar properties as natural rubbers they are tougher, more flexible and more durable than natural rubber. The