Explain polyhalogen compounds with examples.

Question

Carbon compounds containing more than one halogen atom are called polyhalogen compounds. Most of these compounds are valuable in industry and agriculture. Some important polyhalogen compounds are described as follows:

    
Dichloromethane or methylene chloride, CH₃Cl₂

Dichloromethane is prepared industrially by direct chlorination of methane. The mixture of CH₃Cl, CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₂ and CCl₄ so obtained is separated by fractional distillation.

Properties

Dichloromethane is a sweet smelling volatile liquid and its boiling point is 313 K.

Dichloromethane harms the human central nervous system. Exposure to lower levels of dichloromethane in air can lead to slightly impaired hearing and vision. Higher levels of dichloromethane in air can cause dizziness, nauses and numbness in the fingers and toes. Direct skin contact with methylene chloride causes strong burning and mild redness to the skin. Direct contact with eyes can burn cornea.

Uses
    
Because of its low boiling point and low inflammability it is used as extraction solvent in pharmaceutical and food industries. It is also used as solvent for carrying out many organic reactions in research laboratories.
    
It is used as a metal finishing and cleaning solvent.
    
It is also used as a propellent in aerosols.
    
Trichloromethane (Chloroform), CHCl₃ 

Preparation
    
From methane: chloroform is manufactured by chlorination of methane in the presence of light or catalysts.
                                     


The mixture of CH₃Cl, CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃ and CCl₄ can be separated by fractional distillation.
    
From chloral hydrate, pure chloroform can be obtained by distilling chloral or chloral hydrate with concentrated aqueous solution or KOH solution.
                    
NaOH + CCl₃CHO    HCOONa + CHCl₂
             
NaOH + CCl₃CH(OH)₂    HCOOna + CHCl₃ + H₂O
    
Laboratory method: in this method chloroform is obtained from ethanol or acetone by reaction with a paste of bleaching powder and water.

In this reaction, bleaching powder serves as a source of chlorine which first oxidizes ethanol acetaldehyte, which is then further chlorinated to chloral. Chloral reacts with Ca(OH)₂, given by CaOCl₂, to give chloroform and calcium formate.