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The Debye Huckel theory shows how the potential energy of an ion in solution depends on the ionic strength of the solution.Except at infinite dilution, electrostatic interaction between ions alters th
Vander Waal's radii can be assigned to the atoms of molecules on the basis of the closeness of approach of these atoms in crystalline substances. Diffraction studies of crystals give information
The repeating, atomic level structure of a crystal can be represented by a lattice and by the repeating unit of the lattice, the unit cell.It was apparent very early in the study of crystals that the
Average covalent radii can be assigned on the basis of molecular structures. The accumulation of structural data by spectroscopic studies and both electron and x-ray diffraction studies allows one to
There are eight elements that play key role in ensuring the success of TQM in an organization. Total Quality Management is a management approach that was established in 1950′s and has progressi
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its different forms or characteristics of energy, the thermodynamics laws governing different energy transformations and the limitations imposed by nature on
Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which solid and liquid phases of the substance coexist. It is defined as the temperature at which its solid and liquid phases have the same vapour
The boiling of a liquid may be defused by the temperature at which its vapour pressure which is equal to atmospheric pressure. The effect of addition in a non-volatile solute on the boiling point show
1. The units of Henry Law constant are same as those of pressure, i.e. torr or h bar. 2. Different gases have dissimilar values of Henry law constant. The values of KH for some gases in wa
The two solutions which are having equivalent osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions. The isotonic solutions at the same temperature also have same molar concentration. If we have solutions ha
Marketing is a process in a social system by which tlie demand pattern for product and services can be anticipated, enlarged, created and satisfied tlirougli tlie conception, production,
The French chemist Francois Marie Raoult (1886) carried out a series of experiments to study the vapour pressure of a number of binary solutions. On the basis of the results of the experiments, he pro
Liquid solutions are obtained when the solvent is liquid. The solute can be a gas, liquid or a solid. In this section we will discuss the liquid solutions containing solid or liquid solutes. In such s
The extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid adsorbent is affected by the following factors: 1. Nature of the gas Since physical adsorption is non-specific in nature, every gas will get adsorbed on
In a liquid a solid substance a molecule present within the bulk of the substance is being attracted infirmly from all sides by the neighbouring molecules. Hence there is no bet force acting on the mo
The process of adsorption can occurs in solutions also. This implies that the solid surfaces can also adsorb solutes from solutions. Some clarifying examples are listed below: (i) When an aqueo
Catalyst is a substance which accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any change in its chemical composition or mass during the reaction. The phenomenon of increasing the rate o
When the forces of attraction existing between adsorbate particles and adsorbent almost of the same strength as chemical bonds, the adsorption is called chemical adsorption. This type of adsorption is
Presence of small concentrations of appropriate electrolyte is necessary to stabilize the colloidal solutions. However, if the electrolytes are present in higher concentration, then the ions of the el
Emulsions are colloidal solutions in which disperse phase as well as dispersion medium is both liquids. Emulsions can be broadly classified into two types: (i) Oil in water (O/W type) emulsions:&nbs
Enzymes are complex proteinous substances, produced by living bodies, such as act as catalysis in the physiological reactions. The enzymes are, also called biochemical catalysts and the phenomenon is
Certain sols have the property of setting to a semi-solid, jelly-like form by enclosing the entire amount of liquid within itself when they are present at high concentrations. This process is called g
When the catalyst exists in a different phase than that of reactants, it is said to be heterogeneous catalyst, and the catalysis is called heterogeneous catalysis. For example, SO2 can be ox
When the forces of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent are van der Waal's forces, the adsorption is called physical adsorption. This type of adsorption is also known as physisorption o
When a catalyst mixes homogeneously with the reactants and forms a single phase, the catalyst is said to be homogeneous and this type of catalysis is called homogeneous catalysis. Some more examples o