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Systematics & taxonomy in biology: The science of classification or grouping organisms based on similarities and differences is taxonomy. Systematics is a dynamic broad field of science
Artificial, Natural, phylogenetic are main Classification of Organisms, An Artificial classification is based on one or many easily observed similarities and feature. For example, Linnaeus include
ACCOUNTING PROCESS: The process of Accounting involves the following steps: a) Data creation and collection which provide the raw material for Accounting. The data Collected is historic in the
ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS: Presented below are basic accounting principles or concepts, with which hospital managers should be familiar and that they should understand if they are to be able to use account
The various elements of this group differ from one another in their chemical reactivity. Nitrogen differs from the rest of the members of the group due to its smaller size, high el
Group 16 of periodic table contains five elements namely, oxygen (O), sulphur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po). These are collectively known as chalcogens or or
Karl Scheele, the Swedish chemist, was the first to prepare oxygen by heating mercuric oxide in 1772. He recognized the gas as one of the major constituents of atmospheric air and ca
Halides characteristics(i) These trihalides are mainly covalent with the exception of BiF3 which is ionic.(ii) The ionic character of trihalides increases in goin
Fluorine yields only one oxyacid, hypofluorous acid (HOF). Chlorine, bromine and iodine form four series of acids with formulae: HOX, HXO2, HXO3 and HXO4, although man
It may be prepared by the action of phosphorus on thionyl chloride.P4 + 8SOCl2 4OCl3 + 4SO2 + 2S2Cl2 Lab. Method: it is more conveniently p
Alcohols and phenols are the compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups (- OH). The alcohols contain the -OH group attached to alkyl group whereas in phenols, the -OH group is
Phenol was initially obtained by fractional distillation of coal-tar. Phenol is present in the middle oil fraction in the distillation of coal-tar. Now-a-days, it is manufactured from
Ethers are the compounds with general formula or CnH2n+2O (same as monohydric alcohols). These are symbolized through a general structure. R-O-R'. They may be regarded as
The important methods for the preparation of alcohol on large-scale are given below: By hydration of Alkenes Alkenes are obtained by cracking of petroleum. They a
Common system According to this system, the individual members are named according to alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom. The two alkyl or aryl groups linked oxygen atom are named in
The methods used for the preparation of phenols are given below: From aryl sulphonic acidsAryl sulphonic acids on fusion with NaOH at 573 K followed by acidi
During processing of food, several chemicals are added to it to augment its shelf life and to make it more attractive as well. Main types of food additives are listed below: (i) Food c
Halogenations: ethers react with chlorine and bromine to give substitution products. The extent of halogenations depends upon the conditions of reactions.In dark, diethyl ether produces 1, 1
Drugs are broadly classified into following types depending on the purpose for which they are used. 1. Antipyretics Chemical substances which are used to bring some of the common antipyret
Haloalkanes are extremely reactive category of aliphatic compounds. Their reactivity is due to the presence of polar carbon-halogen bond in their molecules. The chemical reactions of haloa
Aryl halides are much less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than haloalkanes. The less reactivity of aryl halides can be described as follows: 1. Withdrawal of ele
Alkyl halides or haloalkanes are the compounds in which a halogen is bonded to an alkyl group. They have the general formula RX (where R is alkyl group, CnH2n+1 and X is halogen at
Nucleophilic substitution reactions in halides containing - X bond may take place through either of the two different mechanisms,SN1 and SN2. S
In the common chemistry terminologies, aliphatic halogen derivatives are named as alkyl halides. The words, n-, sec-, tert-, iso-, neo-, and amyl are usually used in written in the common na
. Boiling pointsThe boiling points of monohalogen derivatives of benzene, which are all liquids, follow the orderIodo > Bromo > ChloroThe boiling points of isomeric dihalobenzenes are nearly the