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Anatomy deals with study of internal structure which can be observed with unaided eye after dissection. Anatomy is a branch of biology or medicine which is the consideration of the structure of living
Meaning: - as mentioned above, the balance of payments is a periodic accounting of international economic transactions. Each country having regular economic transactions with other countries prepares
To begin with, let us recall our three-sector product-market equilibrium model given as C + I + G = C + S + TTo this three-sector model, we now add the foreign trade-the exports (X) and
With the general equilibrium framework in place, the stage is now set for introducing fiscal and monetary changes and analysing their effects on the general equilibrium. We will first introduce a fisc
Fiscal policy measures used for achieving full-employment level of output and price include increase in the government expenditure and cut in tax rates. A cut in tax rates eliminates only the adverse
Economists agree that inflation beyond a moderate rate is undesirable as it can often prove disastrous and therefore, it must be kept under control. Economists agree also that an appropriate mix of fi
The economic effects of inflation are all pervasive. It affects all those who depend on the market for their livelihood. The effects of inflation may be favorable or unfavorable, and low or high depen
The origin of economic growth can be traced back to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. InSmith's view, economic growth of a nation depends on the 'division of labour' and specialization, a
Economic growth is measured by the rate of increase in national output, GDP. The output depends on inputs -labour, capital technology etc. the theories of economic growth bring out how and to wha
Economic growth is generally defined as a sustained increase in per capital national output over a long period of time. It implies that for economic growth of a nation, the rate of increase in its tot
A change in tax rate changes the IS equation, LM equation remaining the same. Let same, let us suppose that the government raises the tax rate from 20 percent to 25
Integration of the second order rate equations also produces convenient expressions for dealing with concentration time results.A reaction is classified as second order if the rate of the reaction is
The adsorption of infrared radiation by diatomic molecules increases the vibrational energy fo molecules and gives information about the force constant for the "spring" of the molecule.;The molecular
This is a very important aspect of Physical Chemistry in which knowledge of the size, shape, rigidity and electronic structure of molecules deduced from the experimental methods treated here goes hand
The absorption of microwave radiation increases the rotational energy of molecules and gives information about the moment of inertia of the molecules.Now we can begin the study of the spectroscopy tha
The nuclear states produced by a magnetic field are studied in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.The frequency of the radiation that corresponds to the nuclear magnetic energy level spacings and
The energies of both the outer and inner orbitals of atoms and molecules can be determined by photoelectron spectroscopy.Energy changes of the outermost or highest energy electron of molecules were de
Polyatomic molecules vibrate in a number of ways, and some of these vibrations can be studied by infrared absorption spectroscopy and some by Raman spectroscopy. The characters of transformation
The infrared spectrum of gas samples shows the effect of rotational-energy changes along with the vibrational energy change.As we know from the interpretations given to thermodynamic properties of gas
The number of molecular orbitals and molecular motions of each symmetry type can be deduced. Let us continue to use the C2v point group and the H2O molecule to illustrate how the
For any symmetric object there is a set of symmetry operations that, together, constitute a mathematical group, called a point group.It is clear from the examples that most molecules have several elem
The number of times each irreducible representation occurs in a reducible representation can be calculated.Consider the C2v point group as described or Appendix C. you can see that (1)&
The symmetry of the molecules can be described in terms of electrons of symmetry and the corresponding symmetry operations.Clearly some molecules, like H2O and CH4, are symmetric. Now w
Molecular orbitals and molecular motions belong to certain symmetry species of the point group of the molecule.Examples of the special ways in which vectors or functions can be affected by symmetry op
Each symmetry operation can be represented by a transformation matrix.You have seen what happens when a molecule is subjected to the symmetry operation that corresponds to any of the symmetry elements