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Characteristics of the objectives Important characteristics or features of the objectives are as below: 1. The objectives must be pre -determined. 2.
How to make planning effective While it is true that the planning suffers from several limitations, an organization cannot do without planning. The following steps should go a long way in overcoming
Steps in the planning Perception of opportunities: Perception of opportunities is not strictly a planning process. However, this awareness is very important for the planning process because it leads
Elements of Planning Planning process formulates an overall operating plan for the organization. This plan further split into department, sectional, or individual plans. There are called derivative p
Limitations of Planning Planning through an important tool of management is not a remedy for all types of problems. It has also certain limitations. &n
Advantages of Planning Planning helps the organization achieve its objectives early. In this way planning helps the organization in many ways. Some of the many advantages of planning are briefly expl
Important of planning 1 planning makes objectives clear and specific: before plans are drawn it is essential that objectives or goals to be achieved must be clearly stated. This ensures effective imp
Scope of Planning 1 helps in proper utilization of resources 2 bring economy in operations. 3 required for achievement of objectives. 4 minimizes uncertainly. 5 it makes control possible. 6 avoi
Objectives of Planning Planning in any organization serves to realize the following objectives: 1 Reduces uncertainly: future is an uncertainly. Planning may convert the uncertainly into certainly.
Features or Nature of Planning 1 Planning is goal oriented: organization are set up with a general purpose in view. Specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be under taken
PLANNING Meaning and definition: planning may be defined as deciding in advance what is to be done in future. It is the process of thinking before doing. It involves determination of goals as well as
Management science approach Management science approach also known as mathematical or quantitative measurement of the approach, visualizes management as a logical entity, the action of which can be e
Decision theory approach The decision theory school focused on the managerial decision making which, in its view, is the core management task, pervading all management functions. Herbert A. Simon, th
Social system approach Closely resembling the human behavior approach and often confused or intermixed with it is the Social system approach. Although earlier pioneers in the behavioral approach show
Limitations of the contingency approach In spite of the various contributes contingency approach has not been acknowledged as a unified theory of the management because it suffers from some limitatio
Contingency or situational approach Contingency or situational approach is an important addition to the paradigm of the modern management theory and approach. In one way, this is an extension of the
Systems approach This school of recent origin having developed in late 1960's. it is an integrating approach which considers the management in its totally based on empirical data. According to this a
Classical perspective the empirical school seeks to generalize the nature of management based on the experience of successful managers. The basic theme of this assumption is that if a particular busi
Criticisms of the human relations approach Scientific validity: although the Hawthorne Experiments profoundly influenced the manager in managing their employees, the studies had many weaknesses of de
Contributions of the human relations approach There is a departure from the scientific management approach regarding the influence of engineering factors for influence and for increase in the product
Criticisms of Hawthorne Experiments Through the Hawthorne Experiments have opened a new chapter in management by emphasizing the importance of social factors in the output, it is not without fault. T
Implications of Hawthorne experiments Hawthorne experiments have opened a new chapter in the management by suggesting management through good human relations. A human relation involves motivating peo
Hawthorne studies Although the depression and the labor movement were at least, important indirect causes of the practice of the human relations, the Hawthorne studies dominate the academic discussio
Behavioral perspective the human behavior approach is the outcome of the thoughts developed by behavioral scientists who took at the organization as collectively of people. Since management involves
Disadvantages of bureaucracy a coin has two sides. So, bureaucracy has disadvantages or limitations also. The disadvantages or limitations of bureaucracy are given below. 1 Rigidity: rules and regul