Physical chemistry usually handles subatomic, atomic, macroscopic and particulate phenomenon in chemical systems in terms of fundamentals of physics. It applies the principles, and fundamentals of physics like motion, thermodynamics, energy, quantum chemistry, force, time, statistical mechanics, and dynamics.
Physical chemistry, in difference with chemical physics, is mainly a macroscopic or supra molecular science, as the many of the principles on which physical chemistry was established, are concepts related to the bulk inspite of on molecular or atomic structure alone, like chemical equilibrium and colloids.
The relationships strive to decide involve the effects of physical chemistry:
1) Intermolecular forces which operate upon the physical properties of materials (like tensile, plasticity, strength, surface tension in liquids).
2) The reaction kinetics on rate of reaction.
3) The characteristics of the ionic compounds on the electrical conductivity of materials.
4) Surface chemistry and electrochemistry are sub fields.
One of the important concepts in chemistry is that all the chemical compounds can be explained as groups of atoms which are combined together and chemical reactions can be explained as the forming and breaking of those bonds. Finding the properties of chemical compounds form a explanation of atoms and how they combine is one of the main goals of physical chemistry. To exemplify the atoms and bonds accurately, it is necessary to know both where the nuclei of the atoms, and the distribution of electrons around them. Quantum chemistry is also a sub field of physical chemistry particularly concerned with the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems, gives techniques to find how strong and what shape bonds are, how does nuclei move or shift, and how light can be emitted or absorbed by a chemical compound. Spectroscopy is the sub field of physical chemistry which is specially interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the matter.
The other set of significant questions in chemistry concerns with what kind of reactions can occur impulsively and which properties are possible for the known chemical mixture. This is studied in chemical thermodynamics as well, which sets limitations on quantities like how far the reaction can go or proceed, or how much amount of energy can be changed into work in a combustion engine and which gives links between properties such as the thermal expansion coefficient and rate of change in entropy with pressure for a gas or liquid. It can be utilized often to assess whether a reactor or engine design is possible, or to test the validity of experimental data. To limited extent, quasi equilibrium and non equilibrium thermodynamics can explain irreversible changes. Though, classical thermodynamics is concerned with systems in equilibrium and reversible changes and not what does occur really.
Which reactions takes place and how fast is the area of chemical kinetics, it is the other part of physical chemistry. A basic idea in chemical kinetics is that for reactants to react and then create products, most of the chemical species goes by the transition states which are higher in energy than the reactants or products and serve as a hurdle to the reaction. Higher would be the barrier, slower is the reaction rate. Second does that most of the chemical reactions takes place as sequence of elementary reactions, each owe its particular transition state. The fundamental questions in kinetics involve how the rate of reaction relies on temperature and on concentrations of reactants and catalysts in reaction mixture, how catalysts and reaction conditions might be engineered.
The reactions rate can regularly be specified with a some concentrations and a temperature, rather than desiring to know all positions and speeds of each and every molecule in the mixture, is a particular case of another basic concept in physical chemistry, to the extent an engineer wants to know, things occured in a mixture of millions of billions of particles can be explained by some variables such as pressure, temperature, and concentration. The causes for this are detailed in statistical mechanics, a field within physical chemistry that is also studied under physics. Statistical mechanics provides ways to forecast the properties we see in day to day life such as from molecular properties without relying on empirical correlations on the basis of chemical similarities.
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