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  Functions of DNA

Functions of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid):

DNA controls each biochemical activities of the cell. It takes genetic information from one generation to other generation. DNA manages protein synthesis and synthesizes RNAs.

Replication of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of approximately all the organisms. One of the active tasks of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is to build its copies that are transmitted to the daughter cells. Replication is the procedure through which DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) makes accurate copies of itself. Replication is the basis of life and occurs throughout the interphase stage. Watson and Crick recommended the semiconservative method of replication of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). This has been proved through Messelson and Stahl’s in their experiments on Escherichia coli by using radioactive isotopes.

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                          Diagram:  Semi conservative method of replication of DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)



The replication of chromosome in E. coli is finished in 40 minutes.

Throughout replication of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), the two complementary strand of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) separate and uncoil from one end in a zipper type way. The enzyme helicase wind down the two strands and the effect of this is that the replication fork is created. Like the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) unwinds, the part of the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) which is found above the replication fork becomes supercoils. These are termed as positive supercoils. An enzyme termed as topoisomerase releases these supercoils.  Relies on separated DNA strands, new strands grow through the addition of nucleotides. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) polymerase I, II and III are involved in this elongation. Though, these enzymes are not able of initiating DNA synthesis.

For the synthesis of new DNA, 2 things are needed. One is RNA (Ribonucleic acid) primer and the enzyme primase. The DNA polymerase moves together the newly created RNA (Ribonucleic acid) primer nucleotides that lead to the elongation of DNA. In another strand, DNA is synthesized in small fragments termed as Okazaki fragments. These fragments are connected by the enzyme known as ligase. In the resultant DNA, one of the strands is parental and another is the newer strand that is created discontinuously. Therefore, it is termed as semi discontinuous replication.

 

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