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  Enzyme regulation by feed-back inhibition

Enzyme regulation by feed-back inhibition:

All catabolic reactions are self regulatory. Whenever one of the reaction products accumulates it naturally represses its formation by inhibiting the enzyme catalyzing its formation. A living cell has more than a thousand different enzymes though all of them acting altogether in a coordinated manner and hence all the activities of the cell are integrated with one other. Hence microorganisms possess a range of enzyme regulatory mechanisms. The enzyme action in a metabolic series can be regulated, by the end product created. The end product inhibits the activity of the enzyme in primary reaction of the biosynthesis. This kind  of  regulation of enzyme by the end product is termed as end-product inhibition or feedback inhibition. By this manner the microorganisms and cells restrict over-production of a metabolite such as amino acids.

The activity of an enzyme is persuaded by:

(1) The concentration of enzyme
(2) Concentration of substrate,
(3) pH and
(4) Temperature.

There shall be an optimum relation among the concentration of enzyme and substrate for utmost activity.

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                                                                  Figure: Feedback inhibition
 
The function of every enzyme is optimum at a specific pH and temperature. Severe variation in pH and high temperatures can demolish the enzymes as they are protein in nature.  The activity of an enzyme shall be restrained by a chemical and this might be reversible or non-reversible. Non reversible inhibition is due to alteration or inactivation of functional groups of enzyme.

For illustration mercury reacts with sulfhydryl (-SH) groups of enzyme and restrains enzyme action. Reversible inhibition might be competitive or non-competitive. Competitive inhibition may be nullified by raising the concentration of a substrate while non competitive inhibition can’t be reversed. Compounds containing an identical structure such that of a substrate can non-competitively inhibit enzyme action. Certain chemical substances such as cyanide contain affinity for metals in enzymes and cyanide inhibits iron having enzymes as cyanide ties up the iron.

 

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