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roads in marshy areasthe problems encounteredroads passing through marshy and swampy ground and waterlogged areas have stable ground generally in a
landslideslandslides are common in the himalayan hill roads the main causes contributing to landslides area removal of lateral support at the bottom
hill roads alignment selection and geometric design standardshere you have already learnt how an alignment of a hill road has to be selected the
road under special conditionsroads passing through difficult terrain and environmental conditions require special attention in design construction
maintenance of bridges and culvertscareful inspection of bridges and culverts at periodic intervals can detect cracks foundation settlement scour
maintenance of concrete roadsthe main defects that show up in a concrete road are a cracksb loss of sealantc spalling at jointsd loss of texturefine
common defects - bituminous roadscracks can be filled with a bitumen emulsion wide cracks can be filled with premix sand asphaltif an overlay is to
maintenance of bituminous roadsthe common defects noticed in a bituminous road are potholes cracks rutting corrugations shoving stripping and loss
maintenance of water bound macadam roadsthe maintenance of water bound macadam surface consists of filling potholes ruts with additional material
maintenance of gravel roadsthe maintenance consists of filling up of potholesdepressions with fresh gravel and compacting after light sprinkling
road maintenanceimportance of road maintenanceroads deteriorate in their condition due to traffic rain snowfall and temperature variations they
road drainage and maintenancethe life of a road depends upon how well and quickly the water is drained away from its various components similarly
important parts of road pavementsprime coat application of a low viscosity bituminous binder over a granular base to fill up the voidstack coat
keywords of road pavementspavement that part of a road which structurally supports the vehicles travelling on a roadflexible pavement a
quality control of concrete roadsconcrete roads require a very high degree of quality control the following aspects need to be checked regularlya
constructionconstruction is usually done by one of the three methodsa manual method providing steel or wooden forms pouring concrete and compacting
concrete mix designconcrete mix design is done in a laboratory to achieve the desired strength and workability the mix design is done to achieve
concrete pavementthicknessthe thickness of concrete pavements is determined from the stresses induced due to loads and temperature the thickness
quality control in flexible pavementsthe quality control needed for flexible pavements covers the following tests a density and moisture content of
semi dense bituminous concretesemi dense bituminous concrete sdbc is similar to bc but with a higher void content 5-10 per cent as against 3-5 per
rolling - binderthe layer thickness is 40-50 mm rolling is done in three stages initial rollingby 80-100 kn smooth wheeled rollerintermediate
bituminous concretebituminous concrete bc is a hot-mix superior type of bituminous surfacing having a low voids 3-5 per cent good durability high
dense bituminous macadama dense bituminous macadam dbm is a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent two gradings are
grouted or penetration macadamthis is a specification where the binder is sprayed on a compacted layer of stone aggregates and is allowed to
bituminous macadambituminous macadam bm is a base course in which coarse aggregates are mixed with a bituminous binder the mix is open-graded with