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borrow pitsborrow pits are the locations from where the embankment soil is obtained the following guidelines govern the location of borrow pits a
desirable characteristics of a pavementin order to fulfill the above function the pavement has to have the following desirable properties a it should
functions and desirable characteristics of pavementsfunction of pavementa pavement is that part of a road on which vehicles travel the pavement has
road pavementspavements constitute an important part of road as they withstand the traffic loads and transmit them to the earthen embankment a study
basic things used in road constructionwater absorption the quantity of water absorbed by aggregatesaggregate impact value the percentage by weight
basic keywords related to road materialssub-grade the portion of road embankment immediately
emulsionan emulsion is a bituminous binder which is in a fluid form at atmospheric temperatures above ooc and requires no heating at all bitumen cab
cutbacks and emulsionscutbacksa cutback is a bitumen whose viscosity has been reduced by adding a diluent such as naphtha or kerosene the use of
tests on bitumenthe following tests are conducted on bitumen to find its suitability as a road binder a penetration testb softening point testc flash
desirable properties of bitumenfor performing as a good binder for road works bitumen should have the following desirable propertiesa when heated to
road binders bitumenbitumen is a viscous semi-solid material dark in color having adhesive properties and derived from the distillation of petroleum
tests on cementthe following tests are conducted on cement in a project sitesetting time initial setting time final setting timecompressive
grade of cementin india the following grades of cement are used for roads ordinary portland cement opc grade 33 grade 43 grade 53portland pozzolana
binders cementcement as a bindercement is one of the main ingredients of concrete when cement sets with the addition of water it forms a paste and
shape and soundness test - testing of aggregatesshapefor providing a good interlock and strength the aggregates should be cubical in shape elongated
presence of deleterious materialdeleterious materials are vegetable matter soft particles clay lumps mica coal etc which can adversely affect the
testing of aggregatesfor use in pavement road aggregates have to be strong durable and of good shape a well-graded aggregates adds to the stability
use of stone aggregates in road constructionstone aggregates are extensively used in roads in pavement layers they are obtained from natural rock the
moisture-density relationshipsince various compactive efforts result in varying degrees of compaction it is necessary to standardize the compactive
road materialsearthwork and pavements constitute a significant part of the cost of a road hence it is desirable that thorough investigations be done
cross-sectional elementsthe terms used in the cross-section of a road are carriagewaythe portion where traffic movesshoulderthe portion outside the
sight distancesight distance is the distance along a road at which a driver has a visibility of objects and can safely stop his vehicle or overtake
vertical gradientvertical gradient can be of three typesruling gradientused as a matter of courselimiting gradientused in situations where site
widening on curvespavements have to be widened on curves because of the fact that a the vehicle has a wheel base and overhang on the front and rear
pavement widththe pavement widths commonly adopted are single lane