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estimation of dischargethe estimation of discharge of a stream is necessary for determining the waterway clearance and foundation details discharge
guidelines for selection of sitethe following are some of the guidelines for selecting the site of a bridge a a site which is on a straight reach of
types of cross-drainage structuresthe following are the types of cross-drainage structures a culverts having waterway upto 6 mb minor bridges having
culverts causeway and bridgesroads have to cross several natural streams like - rivers and canals they also have to cross railway lines and
micro-organism ratiodetermine the fm ratio in units of lbs bod5lb mlss-day using data provided in the above example problemsolutionby definitionfm q
treatment plant - sewer constructionproblemhow many kg of primary and secondary dry solids needs to be processed daily from the treatment
plants aeration periodproblemwhat is the plants aeration periodsolutionthe plants aeration period is the number of hours that the wastewater is
design volume of the aeration basin - sewer constructionproblemwhat is the design volume of the aeration basinsolutionassuming that 30 of the plant
design of the aeration basin based on solids retention time - sewer constructionyou are provided the following information about a municipal
determine the dead loada 250 mm diameter sewer is placed in a 275 m deep rectangular trench that is 065 m wide this trench is backfilled with
keywords used in appropriate technologyhill roads roads in hilly and mountainous terrainlandslides the slippage of mass of hill faceretaining walls
use of labour-based and appropriate technologythe construction and maintenance of rural roads can generate a good level of employment hence the
principles governing rural roads design standardsthe following principles should govern in design of rural roads a rural roads are low volume
low cost roads connecting villagesproblem of village connectivityit is estimated that nearly 45 per cent of indias villages are not connected by an
roads in desertsproblems encounteredthe western portion of rajasthan is part of the thar desert where strong winds below the fine desert sand
roads in marshy areasthe problems encounteredroads passing through marshy and swampy ground and waterlogged areas have stable ground generally in a
landslideslandslides are common in the himalayan hill roads the main causes contributing to landslides area removal of lateral support at the bottom
hill roads alignment selection and geometric design standardshere you have already learnt how an alignment of a hill road has to be selected the
road under special conditionsroads passing through difficult terrain and environmental conditions require special attention in design construction
maintenance of bridges and culvertscareful inspection of bridges and culverts at periodic intervals can detect cracks foundation settlement scour
maintenance of concrete roadsthe main defects that show up in a concrete road are a cracksb loss of sealantc spalling at jointsd loss of texturefine
common defects - bituminous roadscracks can be filled with a bitumen emulsion wide cracks can be filled with premix sand asphaltif an overlay is to
maintenance of bituminous roadsthe common defects noticed in a bituminous road are potholes cracks rutting corrugations shoving stripping and loss
maintenance of water bound macadam roadsthe maintenance of water bound macadam surface consists of filling potholes ruts with additional material
maintenance of gravel roadsthe maintenance consists of filling up of potholesdepressions with fresh gravel and compacting after light sprinkling