Introduction of Reaction Classification by Structural Change
Firstly, we identify four widely used classes of reactions based on the structural change occurring in the reactant molecules. This categorization does not need the knowledge or speculation concerning reaction paths or mechanisms.
As a symbol for a generic group the letter R is extensively used. R may stand for simple substituents like H- or CH3-, or for the complex groups composed of several atoms of carbon and other elements.
Addition
Elimination
Substitution
Rearrangement
In an addition reaction the number of σ-bonds in the substrate molecule increases, usually at the expense of one or more π-bonds. Opposite of this, is true of elimination reactions, that is the number of σ-bonds in the substrate decreases, and the new π-bonds are often formed. Substitution reactions, as name defines are characterized by replacement of the atom or group (Y) by the other atom or group (Z). Apart from these groups, the number of bonds does not alter. Rearrangement reaction generates an isomer and again number of bonds generally does not change.
The examples illustrated above involve general alkene and alkyl systems, but these reaction types are familiar for most functional groups, includes those incorporating carbon-oxygen double bonds and carbon-nitrogen double and triple bonds. Some usual reactions may actually be a combination of reaction types. As shown in the picture, Reaction of an ester with ammonia to give an amide, appears to be a substitution reaction (Y = CH3O & Z = NH2); though, it is actually two reactions, an addition followed by an elimination.
The addition of water to a nitrile does not seem to fit any of the above described reaction types, but it is simply slow addition reaction followed by a rapid rearrangement, as displayed in the equation. Rapid rearrangements of this kind are called tautomerizations.
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