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  Melanin-functions

Melanin-functions:

Melanin is the brown black, non-hemoglobin-derived pigment generally present in the hair, skin choroid of the eye, meninges and adrenal medulla. It is produce in the melanocytes and dendritic cells, both of which are there in the basal cells of the epidermis. Melanin is stored in the form of cytoplasmic granules in phagocytic cells termed as the melanophore, present in the under lying dermis. Melanocytes acquire the enzyme tyrosinase essential for the synthesis of melanin from amino acid termed as tyrosine.
 

Different disorders of melanin pigmentation cause localized and generalized hyper pigmentation and hypo pigmentation.

I. Generalized hyperpigmentation:

a) In Addison’s disease, there is widespread hyperpigmentation of the skin, particularly in regions exposed to light and buccal mucosa.

b) Hyper pigmentation on the face skin, nipples and genitalia during pregnancy beneath the influence of oestrogen.

c) In chronic arsenical poisoning, there is rain-drop characteristic pigmentation of the skin.

II. Generalized hypopigmentation:

Albinism is an intense degree of generalized hypo pigmentation in which tyrosinase activity of the melanocytes is genetically flawed and no melanin is formed. Albinoes have blonde hair, bad vision and rigorous photophobia. They are highly susceptible to sunlight. Chronic sun exposure might lead to pre-cancerous lesions, squamous and basal cell cancers of the skin.

III. Localized hypopigmentation:
 
a) Leucoderma is a kind of partial albinism and is an inherited disorder.

b) Vitiligo is a local hypopigmentation in the skin.

c) Attained local hypopigmentation can outcome from various causes like leprosy, healing of wounds, radiation dermatitis, and so on.

 

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