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  Pasteur vaccine for rabies

Pasteur vaccine for rabies:

He found that the chicken employed for fresh culture were sick and died whereas the chicken that was inoculated formerly with old cultures and again with fresh cultures failed to develop sickness and survived. Pasteur demonstrated that old cultures that he employed in the demonstration lost their virulence and the ability to generate the disease. After growing old, the bacteria might have lost virulence that Pasteur designated as attenuated bacteria.

But such attenuated organisms do not cause disease though stimulate the host to generate antibodies which act against invading virulent organisms. Edward Jenner (1798) employed cow pox virus to immunize people against small pox was identical to this explanation.  Pasteur employed attenuated culture, which he termed as vaccines (L.vacca = cow) to prevent anthrax.

Pasteur was assigned the task of generating a vaccine for rabies (i.e., hydrophobia) a fatal disease of man caused by bites of mad cats, dogs, and wolf.

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                                                Figure: Chicken cholera inoculation explanation by Pasteur

Rabies is due to a virus too small to be seen under microscopes obtainable at his time and not grown-up in laboratory. Therefore he employed the saliva of mad dogs to inject rabbits. The spinal cord and brain of artificially injected rabbits were eliminated, dried, powdered and   suspended in glycerin. By injecting such preparation, Pasteur immunized dogs against rabies. Pasteur cured a boy Joseph Meister bitten by a mad wolf in an identical way and saved him. Therefore vaccine against rabies was developed. Vaccines are preparations which upon administration to an animal or man induce active immunity against diseases. This procedure of immunization is termed as vaccination. Vaccines might contain killed cells or attenuated organisms or their products or components of a microorganism causing a disease. Antitetanus serum (i.e., ATS) and Tetanus toxoid are employed against tetanus.

Joseph Lister (1827 to 1912), a young British surgeon provides indirect evidence that microorganisms were responsible for wound infection.  Following the work of Pasteur on the participation of microorganisms on fermentation and Putrefaction Lister generated a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds. He reasoned that surgical sepsis may be the outcome of microbial infection of the tissues exposed during operation. He generated techniques for preventing the access of microorganisms to surgical wounds. On August 12, 1862 an 11 year boy James Greenlees was brought to the Royal Infirmary where Joseph Lister was working as a surgeon. James was hit by a Horse-drawn cart.

Lister splinted the broken bone and continually dressed the wound in bandages soaked in phenol solution. Six weeks afterward the broken fragments of bone had turn out to be reunited by new growth and James was discharged from the hospital with sound health. This approach was successful and changed the whole procedure of surgery. Lister sterilized the instruments by heat and sprayed diluted phenol over surgical region and prevented the microbial contamination.

Pasteur contributed appreciably to the emergence of immunology with his work on vaccines for cholera and rabies. All along with Jenner and Pasteur the Russian Zoologist Elie Metchnikoff (1845 - 1916) was a pioneer in Immunology.  It was thought in 1880’s that the immunity was due to non-cellular substances in the blood. Metchnikoff discovered that certain blood leukocytes could engulf disease causing bacteria. He named such cells as phagocytes. The recognition of phagocytes against invading microorganisms was the primary step in immunology. Metchnikoff was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1908 for his work on phagocytes and immunology.

 

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