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  HIV

HIV:

HIV, the etiological agent of Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (i.e., AIDS), belongs to the lentivirinae subfamily of the family of Retroviridae. The subfamily lentivirinae comprises causative agents of the slow virus diseases Visna or Maedi in sheep and infectious anemias in goats and horses. Besides HIV, the associated animal Immunodeficiency viruses like SIV (i.e., Simian Immunodeficiency virus), FTLV are too assigned to this subfamily.

Structure:

HIV is a spherical enveloped virus measuring from 90 to 120nm in size. The nucleocapsid has an external icosahedral shell and an internal cone shaped core. The core encloses two molecules of single-stranded RNAs and enzyme reverse transcriptase, an RNA-dependant DNA polymerase.

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Replication:

HIV, in common Retroviruses vary from other RNA viruses in that they replicate and generate viral RNA from a DNA copy of the Virion RNA. HIV joins to the CD4 receptor of T-helper lymphocytes by means of its external envelope glycoprotein gp120. Attachment is obeyed by entry of the virus by fusion of the two membranes, mediated by gp41. Once the RNA is discharged, the reverse transcriptase acts to form the double stranded DNA copy (i.e., pro virus). The viral DNA is transcribed into viral m-RNA and RNA employing host RNA polymerase. Virions are gathered at the cell membrane where envelope and core proteins are situated. Whenever naked virus buds-out via the host cell surface membrane, it obtains a lipoprotein envelope, that comprises of lipid derived from host cell membrane and glycoprotein that is virus coded. The main virus coded envelope proteins are surface glycoprotein spike [i.e., gp120] and the transmembrane pedicle glycoprotein [i.e., gp41]. This kind of growth cycle is referred as productive growth cycle.  In the productive cycle the host cell is destroyed. Most frequently the double stranded DNA (i.e., provirus) is integrated into the host cell chromosome and stays latent. Once inserted into the host DNA, infection with HIV is everlasting.

 

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