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  Sonar

Introduction to Sonar:

Sonar (generally an acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging) is a method which uses sound propagation (generally underwater, like in Submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect another vessels. Two kind of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is necessarily listening for the sound made through vessels; active sonar is producing pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar might be employed as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was employed before the invention of radar. Sonar might as well employ in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (upward looking in-air sonar) is employed for atmospheric investigations. The word 'sonar' is also employed for the equipment employed to produce and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies that employed in sonar systems differ from very low (infrasonic) to very high (ultrasonic). The learning of underwater sound is termed as hydro acoustics or underwater acoustics.

The classification, detection, and localisation performance of sonar relies on the environment and the receiving equipment, also the transmitting equipment in an active sonar or the target radiated noise in a passive sonar.

SOUND PROPAGATION:

Sonar operation is influenced through differences in sound speed, specifically in the vertical plane. Sound travels much more slowly in fresh water than in sea water, while the variation is small. The speed is ascertained through the bulk modulus and mass density of water. The bulk modulus is influenced through temperature, dissolved impurities (generally salinity), and pressure. The density effect is little.

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