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what is metallisationmetallisation metalizing is the procedure of evaporating a film of metal onto products normally the same is done in vacuum
applications of diffusion is of fundamental significance in many disciplines of mechanical electronics chemistry and biology some example
diffusion molecular diffusion often known as simply diffusion is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower
explain oxidationoxidation oxidation is defined as the interaction among oxygen molecules and all the dissimilar substances they may contact from
the functions of the oxide layer are to 1 mask against diffusion or ion-implant 2 passivate the surface electrically and chemically 3
explain the various steps required in the fabrication of an integrated circuitlithography the method for pattern definition by applying thin uniform
materials for ac applications these applications generally needs low coercivity hc and low power loss high permeability micro high saturation
materials used for dc applications are iron and low-carbon steels maximum carbon 005 bull iron-nickel alloys permalloy bull iron-cobalt
the most common dc applications are electromagnets and yokesbull relays bull magnetic shields bull electrical measuring devices bull
soft magnetic materials soft magnetic materials are majorly utilized in those applications in which the soft material has to amplify the flux
applications of permanent magnets a - applications based on attraction or repulsion forces b - applications based on faradays induction lawc-
hard magnetic materials permanent magnets are used as passive generators of magnetic field to produce and maintain the magnetic field a material
significant class of magnetic materials the most significant class of magnetic materials is the ferro magnets iron nickel cobalt and manganese or
what are the chief characteristics of ferro-electric materialsferroelectric materials have following characteristicsa they have a huge dielectric
the following three types of breakdown are possible in dielectricsa electrothermal breakdown - this is caused by the heat produced because of the
explain loss angle loss angle can be described as the arc-tangent of the electrical dissipation
explain dipole relaxationdipole relaxation is the method occupying a specific period of time after a change in the applied electric field in which
explain polarizabilitypolarizability is the relative tendency of a charge distribution such as the electron cloud of an atom or molecule to be
drift current is the electric current or movement of charge carriers which is because of the applied electric field often stated as the electromotive
what is the phase rule and what does it indicategibbs phase rule is the fundamental rule on which phase diagrams are based it gives the number of
burger vectorthe burgers vector often denoted by b is a vector that shows the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion of dislocation in a
bulk defects voids are little regions where there are no atoms and can be thought of as clusters of vacancies impurities can cluster jointly to form
planar defects grain boundaries occur where the crystallographic direction of the lattice abruptly changes this usually happens when two crystals
point defects point defects are defects which are not extended in space in any dimension there is no strict limit for how small a point defect should
what is meant by crystal imperfectionscrystalline solids have a very regular atomic structure that is the local positions of atoms with respect to