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define cohesive energycohesive energy can be described as the difference among the average energy of the atoms of a solid especially a crystal and
explain lattice energy the lattice energy of an ionic solid is calculates the strength of bonds in that ionic compound it is given the symbol u and
explain covalent bond a covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons among atoms or among
ionic bondingan ionic bond or electrovalent bond is a type of chemical bond that can often form among metal and non-metal ions or polyatomic ions
hard-bakinghard-baking is the final step in the photolithographic process this step is essential in order to harden the photoresist and better
projection printingprojection printing keep away from mask damage entirely an image of the patterns on the mask is projected onto the resist-coated
proximity printingthe proximity exposure method is same to contact printing except that a small gap 10 to 25 microns wide is maintained among the
contact printingin contact printing the resist-coated silicon wafer is bring into physical contact with the glass photo mask the wafer is held on a
soft-bakingsoft-baking is the step during which almost all of the solvents are separate from the photo resist coating soft-baking plays a very
positive and negative photo resistthere are two types of photo resist positive and negative for positive resists the resist is exposed with uv light
outline a procedure for photolithography in the fabrication of electronic devices what are the limitations of this procedure photolithography
electric susceptibilitythe electric susceptibility chie of a dielectric material is a calculate of how easily it polarizes in response to an electric
polarization of dielectricif a material having polar molecules they will usually be in random orientations when no electric field is applied an
dielectric materials 1 these are the materials in which valence electrons used are bounded very strongly to their parent atoms2 they need very
semi-conducting materials 1 semi-conducting are the materials whose valence electrons are bounded somewhat
bakelite is a material based on the thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin produced by the reaction under heat and pressure of phenol a toxic
the transformer oil helps cool the transformer because it also gives part of the electrical insulation among internal live parts transformer oil must
what is spheroidsingspheroidsing is the method that applies more to the hypereutectoid steels above 08 c the process includes heating the metal
what are the objectives of annealingannealing is a heat treatment where in a material is altered causing alters in its properties like as strength
what is metallizationmetallization is the fabrication step in which proper interconnection of circuit elements is made aluminum is a popular metal
ion implantation equipment typically having of an ion source where ions of the desired element are produced an accelerator where the ions are
explain eddy current losses eddy current losses the core of a generator armature is made from soft iron which is a conducting material with desirable
casting is a manufacturing method by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape
uses sensors and devices based on hall effect are used for1 analog multiplication 2 current sensing 3 position and motion sensing 4 automotive
semiconductor device applications all transistor types can be used as the building blocks of logic gates which are fundamental in the design of