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  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense:

Such species causes West African sleeping sickness or Gambian sleeping sickness.

Geographical distribution:

T.brucei gambiense is existed in west and central Africa. In this geographical position, it is limited to forests bordering rivers and lakes about which Glossina palpalis lives.

Life cycle and transmission:

Man is the only recognized natural host for T. brucei gambiense. The transmission cycle starts with the tsetse fly sucking the blood of a human infected with parasite. In the gut of the fly, the trypanosomes lengthen and multiply by asexual division. Such slender forms penetrate the gut wall, enter the body cavity, and roam to the salivary glands. In the salivary glands, they undergo additional transformation, lastly becoming short, stumpy forms termed as metacyclic trypanosomes. The metacyclic trypanosomes infect the novel human host whenever introduced by the bite of the tsetse fly. The cycle in the fly takes around 15 to 30 days. The length of the time is reliant upon humidity, temperature, and age of the fly.

Clinical features:

The Gambian sleeping sickness is malignant and chronic. After few years it gives mounts to torpor and coma. This is typical sleeping sickness. Untreated patients approximately always die of the infection.

During early phases Trypanosomes are existed in the blood in low numbers. In this stage there is intermittent fever. Later, the parasites tend to disappear from blood and enter the lymphatics of the neck area. The cervical lymph nodes become enlarged. Still later, the organisms migrate to central nervous system and at this phase they are existed in cerebrospinal fluid. At this phase neurological symptoms take place.

Laboratory diagnosis:

1. A quick check for the presence of trypanosomes is completed by inspecting a wet blood film.

2. A thick and thin blood smears must be made and stained by Giemsa’s stain for the trypanosomes.

3. A small quantity of blood is inoculated intraperitoneally into mice or rats. The animal blood is inspected for the trypanosomes after 7 days. T. brucei gambiense generates low grade infection while T. brucei rhodesiense follows a fulminating course and kills animal.

4. In low grade parasitemia blood might be concentrated by centrifugation and observed.

5. In late phases CSF might be examined for trypanosomes by wet film inspection and staining.

Serological and other tests:

Indirect haemagglutination test and indirect fluorescent antibody test have been employed for the diagnosis. There is a marked, more than 10 times elevation of serum IgM.

 

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