Normal forms:

Whenever trying to prove that all the objects in certain class C encompass a given property P, it is frequently helpful to first prove that all object O in C can be converted to some equivalent object O’ in certain subclass C’ of C. Here, ‘equivalent’ entails that the transformation preserves the property P of the interest. Afterward, the argument can be limited to the subclass C’, taking benefit of any additional properties this subclass might have.

Any CFG can be converted to a number of ‘normal forms’ (NF) which are (almost!) equivalent. Here, ‘equivalent’ signifies that the two grammars state similar language and the proviso ‘almost’ are essential as such normal forms can’t produce the null string.

Chomsky normal form (right-hand sides are short):

All the rules are of form X -> Y Z or X -> a, for certain non-terminals X, Y, Z ∈ V and terminal a ∈ A

Theorem: All CFG G can be transformed to the Chomsky NF G’ in such a manner that L(G’) = L(G) - {ε}.

Proof idea: Repeatedly substitute a rule X -> v w, |v| ≥ 1, |w| ≥ 2 by X -> Y Z, Y -> v, Z -> w, where Y and Z are latest non-terminals used merely in such new rules. Both right hand side v and w are shorter than original right hand side v w.

The Chomsky NF modifies the syntactic structure of L(G), that is an undesirable side effect in practice. However Chomsky NF turns all the syntactic structures to binary trees, a helpful technical device which we exploit in Pumping Lemma and CYK parsing algorithm.

Greibach normal form (at each step, generate 1 terminal symbol at the far left - helpful for parsing):

All the rules are of form X -> a w, for some terminal a ∈ A, and some w ∈ V*

Theorem: Each and every CFG G can be converted to a Greibach NF G’ in such a way that L(G’) = L(G) - {ε}.

Proof idea: For a rule X -> Y w, ask whether Y can ever generate a terminal at far left, that is, Y ->* a v. When so, substitute X -> Y w by rules like X -> a v w. When not, X -> Y w can be omitted, since it will never lead to the terminating derivation.

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