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scope of wps and pqra welding procedure specification wps is written qualified welding procedure prepared to provide direction for making production
variables used in wpsdepending on their influence on obtaining a desired weldment the welding variables are then classified and listed some of them
writing of a welding procedure specification wpsa typical working procedure specification is written with all the factors of production in mind both
welding procedure specification wps the purpose of welding procedure specification wps and procedure qualification record pqr is to determine that
metallurgical compatibilitythe two facets of property as above could be made analogous crudely to an athletes wholesome strength which includes both
welding procedure and performance qualificationa total quality assurance scheme embracing all aspects of manufacture would have necessarily made all
intrepretation of defectsintrepretation is an important factor is controlling the quality of the product on economic levels sometimes for want of
structural notchesin t he case of solid solution strengthened alloys and age hardenabled steel the variation in heat io during welding may cause
embrittlementfor use at high strength coupled with good notch toughness all weld structure must be tempered low carbon martensite carbon and
arc strikesrepresent any localised heat affected zone caused by an arc arc strike tends to produce hardening particularly in high carbon steels and
gas porosityporosity is the presence of gas pockets or voids caused by the entrapment of gas evolved during weld metal solidification this porosity
cracks cracks are the linear ruptures of the metal under stress sometimes they appear large and frequently they are narrow separations the major
geometric defects undercutundercut represents a depression into the base metal adjacent to the toe of the weld and if it forms a notch it is a
foreign inclusions slag inclusionsthis is formed due to entrapment of oxides and non metallic solid material in the weld deposit or between the
defects involving inadequate bondinglack of fusioninvolves lack of complete melting and fusion of some portion of the weld metal in a joint it may
type of defects and their significance defects in weldments in general can be classified as followsi defects involving inadequate bondinglack of
general reasons for defectsthe importance of weld quality is increasingly felt as we go ahead with the fabrication of sophisticated products using
significance of defects in welds in the correct sense of the word a defect is a rejectable discontinuity or a flaw of rejectable nature certain
laser weld overlay i claddingthis process brings the metal surface to a substantially higher temperature than in the heat treating process and
transformation hardeningthe main features of the laser as a heat source for transformation hardening area clean energy sourceb energy is localised no
laser surface treatment applications the laser can be used to alter the surface structure of materials either with or without alloying additions
main features of laser cutting process 1 laser cut kerf is very narrow resulting in material saving2 has very narrow heat affected zone haz and
advantages of laser welding process 1 narrow deep penetration welds capable of being produced in atmosphere2 low thermal distortion - due to less
applications with medium laser power several laser welding applications have recently evolved in this power range of 1 to 10 kw because the laser
laser welding applications with low power for a lap weld joining of aisi 416 stainless steel cap to a aisi 310 stainless steel body co2 laser with