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mechanism of laser welding laser welding of metals is performed with beams focused to irradiate levels in the range of 106 to 107 w cm2 at such
lasers with solid state lasing mediumsfor an active medium the solid state laser uses lasing ions which are suspended in a rod shaped solid matrix
carbon dioxide co2 lasers the co2 laser is a gas discharge device and it operates by electric excitation of an active medium that is a mixture of
laser beam material processing light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation laser is generated when a lasing medium is excited by a
aerospace applications the need for ebw as a critical fabrication process in realising elements and assemblies for spacecraft and launch vehicle
nuclear applications of electron beam welding electron beam has been applied to the fabrication of fuel elements for pressurised water reactors
steelsplain carbon amp c - mn steelsbecause of low heat input in as welded condition the micro structures of the autogenous process welds
metallurgy of electron beam weldingebw is capable of joining a variety of materials in a broader thickness range than any other fusion welding
materials weldabilityelectron beam welding has the ability to weld a variety of materials including dissimilar combinations these can be split into
typical joint designs that are used in electron beam weldingbutt joint butt joint is the preferred joint as it involves only a small amount of
effect of process parametershigh voltage gives high velocities in the electron beams the mutual repulsion effects in the constituent electrons will
working chamber of ebwthe chamber is usually rectangular in shape and has heavy windows to permit viewing the work both high voltage machines and low
types of electron beam welding gun diode cathode - anode gun in this gun the beam shaping electrode and the emitter are both at the same
equipment used in ebwthe electron beam equipment can be broadly divided in to the following sub systemselectron gun and beam guidance systemthe heart
basic principle of electron beam weldingebw electron beam welding which utilises a heat source of electrons which are accelerated by an electric
need for electron beam weldingebw process the major advantage resulting from the use of a vacuum environment with a working pressure of from 10-5
electron beam welding process and its applications electron beam welding ebw is one of the advanced welding technologies required for the
limitations of resistance welding1 pressure - tight joints are achieved only with flash butt welding resistance welding is not recommended for high
advantages of resistance welding 1 resistance welding is very fast compared to arc welding2 almost any combination of metals can be resistance
testing of resistance weldsthere are a number of destructive and non destructive tests available for testing the welds obtained by resistance welding
transformer for flash butt weldingthe transformer required for flash butt welding is similar to that needed for other resistance welding processes
basic elements of flashbutt weldinga flash butt welding machine is mainly comprised of amain framestationary platenmoving platenclamping
upset butt welding machinesthese are usually small capacity horizontal type machines the power source required for these is a step down transformer
resistance welding electrodes and holdersrequisites for electrodes the resistance welding electrodes are meant for the following functionsconducting
driving mechanism i knurl or friction drive this has either the upper or lower electrode or both driven by a friction wheel on the periphery