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prepaid meteringprepaid metering is the state of art for single and three-phase although current metering and should be implemented through utilities
prepayment metersusage of prepayment meters will extensively improve the revenue collection of the utilities there are a number of ways in that
demand side managementdemand side management refers to programmes implemented through utilities to modify consumer load profile energy efficiency
activities to preparing long-term plans1 data collection regarding existing loads forecast of expected loads operating conditions and etc from grid
objective of long-term plans for technical loss reductionthe primary objectives of strengthening and improvement of sub-transmission and distribution
long-term plans for technical loss reductionlong-term measures for technical loss reduction include all measures that require to be taken for the
preventive and regular maintenancepreventive and regular manages of components of the distributions system is necessary to reduceeliminate breakdowns
types of high voltage distribution systema high voltage distribution system could be of the subsequent types- three phase extension ht line from the
high voltage distribution system or hvdsadoption of hvds high voltage distribution system through converting existing lvds to hvds reduces the
increase in ht and lt ratioit is well known that for high htlt ratio the losses will be low the losses for a given quantum of power supplied through
factors of contributing to losses in service cables1 tapping of underground service cables the service cables must be visible so that tapping of
guarding against losses in service cables and connectionsthe service cables to consumer premises are often a source of loss that can be reduced given
outdoor termination for cables - measures for improving connectionoutdoor terminations for paper insulated or pilca cables were generally used
measures for improving joints and connection1 spacing of poles the spacing between poles for overhead lines is also an important requirement long
bad workmanshipbad workmanship contributes importantly towards increasing distribution losses efforts should thus be made to have the best probable
improving joints and connections - energy lossimproper joints are a source of energy loss in both overhead and underground systems the conductivity
connection of shunt capacitors at 11 kv substations11 kv automatic switched capacitor banks are installed on bus of 33 or 66 kv substations this has
connection of shunt capacitors at distribution transformerprovision of capacitors at load point is found to be hard in practice because of the
connection of shunt capacitors - vantage points an unloaded distribution line is capacitive in character and a fully loaded line has inherent
connection of shunt capacitors - across individual customersthe most appropriate manner of improving pf of the distribution system and thereby
shunt capacitorsline losses owing to poor pf can be decreased through improving the pf overall improvement in the operating condition can be brought
use of capacitor in technical loss reductionthe use of capacitors to correct for poor power factor is a well-built and cost-effective means of
load balancing and load managementit has been observed in which the load on all three phases of a distribution line and between the feeders is not
factors contributing in losses in transformerfactors contributing towards losses in transformer are- oversized transformers operating at low loading
guarding against loss in transformersdistribution transformers are expected to convert up to 95-98 of the input power into usable output power a