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materials for ac applications these applications generally needs low coercivity hc and low power loss high permeability micro high saturation
materials used for dc applications are iron and low-carbon steels maximum carbon 005 bull iron-nickel alloys permalloy bull iron-cobalt
the most common dc applications are electromagnets and yokesbull relays bull magnetic shields bull electrical measuring devices bull
soft magnetic materials soft magnetic materials are majorly utilized in those applications in which the soft material has to amplify the flux
applications of permanent magnets a - applications based on attraction or repulsion forces b - applications based on faradays induction lawc-
hard magnetic materials permanent magnets are used as passive generators of magnetic field to produce and maintain the magnetic field a material
significant class of magnetic materials the most significant class of magnetic materials is the ferro magnets iron nickel cobalt and manganese or
what are the chief characteristics of ferro-electric materialsferroelectric materials have following characteristicsa they have a huge dielectric
the following three types of breakdown are possible in dielectricsa electrothermal breakdown - this is caused by the heat produced because of the
explain dielectric breakdowndielectric breakdown means failure or deterioration of the dielectric material because of various
explain loss angle loss angle can be described as the arc-tangent of the electrical dissipation
explain dipole relaxationdipole relaxation is the method occupying a specific period of time after a change in the applied electric field in which
explain polarizabilitypolarizability is the relative tendency of a charge distribution such as the electron cloud of an atom or molecule to be
drift current is the electric current or movement of charge carriers which is because of the applied electric field often stated as the electromotive
what is the phase rule and what does it indicategibbs phase rule is the fundamental rule on which phase diagrams are based it gives the number of
burger vectorthe burgers vector often denoted by b is a vector that shows the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion of dislocation in a
bulk defects voids are little regions where there are no atoms and can be thought of as clusters of vacancies impurities can cluster jointly to form
planar defects grain boundaries occur where the crystallographic direction of the lattice abruptly changes this usually happens when two crystals
point defects point defects are defects which are not extended in space in any dimension there is no strict limit for how small a point defect should
what is meant by crystal imperfectionscrystalline solids have a very regular atomic structure that is the local positions of atoms with respect to
define cohesive energycohesive energy can be described as the difference among the average energy of the atoms of a solid especially a crystal and
explain lattice energy the lattice energy of an ionic solid is calculates the strength of bonds in that ionic compound it is given the symbol u and
explain covalent bond a covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons among atoms or among
ionic bondingan ionic bond or electrovalent bond is a type of chemical bond that can often form among metal and non-metal ions or polyatomic ions
hard-bakinghard-baking is the final step in the photolithographic process this step is essential in order to harden the photoresist and better