Effective Modular Design
A module is the essential part of any modular design. It is a logically separable part of a program. It is a program unit that is discrete and identifiable with respect to compiling and loading. So a module can be a macro a function a procedure ( or subroutine) a process or a package. In system which use functional abstraction a module is usually a procedure of function or a collection of these all.
To produce the effective modular design. Some criteria must be used to select modules so that the modules support well defined abstractions and are solvable and modifiable separately. In fact modularity has become an accepted approach in all software engineering disciplines. It reduces the complexity, heddles properly the software maintenance and results in the easier implementation by parallel development of different parts of the system. Here we will discuss some important criteria that will lead us to design the effective modularity.
1. Module types
2. Functional Independence
3. Cohesion
4. Coupling
1. Module Types
Before discussing the module types we should understand the various module operational features. As it is previously stated that abstraction and information hiding are used to define modules within software architecture. Both of these attributes must be converted into module operational features. There are total of three module operational features.
1.Time History of incorporation
2.Activation Mechanisms
3.Pattern of Control
1. Time History of Incorporation : It refers to the time at which a module is involved within a source language description of the software. So , basically this feature is related to the time. For an example a module made as a macro will be included in the program when any reference will be made in developer supplied code.
2. Activation Mechanism: It refers to the method which will activate a particular code at the time of reference. There are two activation mechanisms. First one is a conventional approach in which a module in invoked by call reference second one is used nowadays for real time systems in which a module may be invoked by interrupt. Like in Windows operating system we open a notepad, work on it now if we want to open more notepad then we will interrupt the first one discontinue its current processing and will open new one . so activation mechanisms are important to be used because they can affect the program structure.
3. Pattern of Control : Pattern of control of a module is defined as a manner in which it is executed internally. Traditionally a single entry and exit for modules is defined and modules are executed sequentially. But now the trend has changed. More sophisticated approaches have been introduced like a module may be re-entrant that is a module is designed so that it doesn't in any way modify itself or the local addresses that it references. So a single module maybe used by more than one task concurrently.
Within a structure a module may be of three types:
1. Sequential Module : In a sequential module the statements are executed one by one in a serial manner. No interruption will occur. such type of modules are most commonly used by subprograms. Subroutines functions procedures etc.
2. Incremental Module: An in ceremonial model is also called as the co routine. It can be interrupted prior to completion by application software and then again restarted at the point of interruption. It maintains an entry Point that allows the program to restart at the point of interruption. Example of this mode is interrupting Driven systems.
3. Parallel Module: A parallel module is also known as co routine which can be executed parallel with another module in concurrent multiprocessor environment. Such type of module is used when two or more CPU work parallel and perform some typical and high speed computation.
The last two module types require special design approaches that is why they are called as the non hierarchical or homologous structures.
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