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  Effective Modular Design

Effective Modular Design

A module is the essential part of any modular design. It is a  logically  separable part of  a program. It is a program unit that is discrete and identifiable with  respect to compiling  and loading. So  a module can be a macro a function  a procedure ( or  subroutine) a process or a package. In system which use functional abstraction a module is usually a procedure of function  or a collection of these  all.

To produce  the effective  modular design. Some criteria must be used to select modules so that the modules support well defined abstractions and are solvable and modifiable  separately. In  fact modularity has  become an accepted   approach in all software engineering disciplines. It  reduces the complexity, heddles properly the software maintenance and  results in the easier implementation by parallel  development of different parts of  the system. Here we will discuss some  important criteria that will lead us to design the effective  modularity.

1. Module types

2. Functional Independence

3. Cohesion

4. Coupling

1. Module Types

Before discussing the  module types we should understand the various module operational features. As  it is previously stated that abstraction and information  hiding are  used to define modules within  software architecture. Both of these attributes must  be converted into  module operational features. There are total  of three module operational  features.

1.Time  History of incorporation

2.Activation Mechanisms

3.Pattern of Control

1. Time History of Incorporation : It  refers to the  time at which a module is involved  within a source language description  of the  software. So , basically  this  feature is related to the time. For  an example a module made as a macro will be  included in  the program  when any reference will be made in developer  supplied  code. 

2. Activation  Mechanism: It refers to the  method which will  activate  a particular code at the  time of reference. There are two activation mechanisms. First one is a  conventional approach in which a module in invoked by  call reference second one is  used nowadays for  real time systems in which  a module may  be invoked by interrupt. Like  in Windows operating  system we open a notepad, work on it now if we want  to open more notepad then we will interrupt the first one discontinue its current processing and will open new  one . so  activation mechanisms are important  to be used because they can affect the program structure.

3. Pattern of Control : Pattern  of control of a module is defined as  a manner in which  it is executed internally. Traditionally a single entry and  exit for modules is defined and modules are executed sequentially. But now the trend has changed. More  sophisticated approaches have been introduced like a module may  be re-entrant that  is  a module is designed so that it doesn't  in any way modify itself or the local  addresses that  it references. So  a single module maybe used  by more than one task concurrently.   

Within a structure a module  may be of  three types:

1. Sequential Module : In a  sequential module the statements are executed one  by one  in  a serial manner.  No interruption will  occur. such type of modules are  most  commonly used by subprograms. Subroutines functions procedures etc.

2. Incremental Module: An in ceremonial model is also called as the co routine. It can  be interrupted prior to completion by application software and then  again restarted at the point  of  interruption. It  maintains an entry Point that  allows the program to  restart at the point of interruption. Example of this mode is interrupting Driven systems.

3. Parallel Module: A parallel module is also known as co routine  which can be executed parallel with another module in concurrent multiprocessor  environment. Such type  of module  is used when  two or  more CPU work parallel and perform some  typical  and high speed computation.

The last  two module types  require special design  approaches that is why they are called as the  non  hierarchical or homologous  structures.

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