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  Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A - “Infectious Hepatitis”

This virus belongs to the family of Picornaviridae. This is a small, non-enveloped icosahedral particle, 27 nm in diameter, having positive sense single stranded RNA genome.

Pathogenesis:

Virus enters through feco-oral route. Replication occurs in the alimentary tract and spreads to infect the liver, where it multiplies in hepatocytes. Incubation period is 3 to5 weeks (i.e., mean 28 days). Viraemia is transient. The virus is excreted in stools for two weeks prior to the onset of symptoms, softer disease than Hepatitis B; and asymptomatic infections are very general, mainly in children. Adults, mainly pregnant women, might develop more severe disease. However convalescence might be expanded, there is no chronic form of the disease. Fulminant hepatitis is rare (0.1 percent of cases)

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                                           Figure: Hepatitis A typical series of events following infection

Mode of Transmission:

Big numbers of virus particles are excreted in stools before the onset of symptoms. It is transmitted from situation-to-situation, through faecal-oral route. Out-breaks in creches are very general. Through contamination of food or water with sewage and infected food handlers or shell fish grown-up in sewage-polluted water and the virus might be transmitted.

Laboratory Diagnosis:

Virus can’t be cultured into vitro from the clinical material, and diagnosis is made up on the presence of HAV-specific IgM in the patient’s blood.

Prevention:

Prevention is effected by:

1) Passive immunization by the administration of common immunoglobulin provided to travelers to third world countries and household contacts of acute situations or by

2) Active immunization with inactivated cell culture-derived vaccine.

 

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