Problem:
The left column below presents 3 brief abstracts for different research articles. In the column to the right is a drop-down menu showing the possible identifiers for each abstract, "Primary Research" or "Secondary Research." For each abstract, select whether the article corresponding to the abstract is a report of primary research, or a review of secondary research. Need Assignment Help?
Group of answer choices
a. Across 6 studies we investigated the development of overconfidence among beginners. In 4 of the studies, participants completed multi-cue probabilistic learning tasks (e.g., learning to diagnose "zombie diseases" from physical symptoms). Although beginners did not start out overconfident in their judgements, they rapidly surged to a "beginner's bubble" of overconfidence. This bubble was traced to exuberant and error-filled theorizing about how to approach the task formed after just a few learning experiences. Later trials challenged and refined those theories, leading to a temporary leveling off of confidence while performance incrementally improved, although confidence began to rise again after this pause. In 2 additional studies we found a real-world echo of this pattern of overconfidence across the life course. Self-ratings of financial literacy surged among young adults, then leveled off among older respondents until late adulthood, where it begins to rise again, with actual financial knowledge all the while rising more slowly, consistently, and incrementally throughout adulthood. Hence, when it comes to overconfident judgment, a little learning does appear to be a dangerous thing. Although beginners start with humble self-perceptions, with just a little experience their confidence races ahead of their actual performance. (Sanchez & Dunning, 2017)
b. This article reviews and analyzes extant literature on the prevention of child maltreatment. We give an overview of protective factors that research finds to be efficacious in maltreatment prevention and pay particular attention to research that shows how health-based models and community-based models can leverage family and community strengths to that end. We go on to offer recommendations for potential future prevention programming, including an approach with untapped potential-the Prevention Zones framework. Finally, we discuss policy considerations and implications specific to the goal of increasing programming and services that leverage family and community strengths. (Roygardner, Hughes, & Paluschi, 2021)
c. Agency has attracted considerable attention, especially of late. Nevertheless, perceptions of language learners as non-agentive persist. In this article the Douglas Fir Group's call for a transdisciplinary perspective is heeded in a Complex Dynamic Systems Theory's (CDST) conceptualization of agency. It is suggested that CDST maintains the structure-agency complementarity while bringing to the fore the relational and emergent nature of agency. Coordination dynamics is identified as a possible mechanism for the phylogenetic and ontogenetic emergence of agency. CDST further characterizes agency as spatially-temporally situated. It can be achieved and changed through iteration and co-adaptation. It is also multidimensional and heterarchical. In this era of post-humanism, an issue that is also taken up is whether it is only humans who have agency. The article then discusses educational practices that could support learner agency. Finally, the article closes with a discussion of agency and ethical action. (Larsen-Freeman, 2019)