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run offsome of the rainfall is soaked into the soil and excess water flows over the land surface along the natural slope of the area run off is the
precipitationprecipitation literally means falling from a height in case of water precipitation includes all forms in which atmospheric moisture
ground waterground water represents a major subterranean reservoir of fresh water in general it is not tapped by plants as it is too deep and does
solubility of gases in watermost gases which are important for biological processes dissolve readily and specially in water the solubility of any gas
thermal propertiesthe range of temperature variatidn in the aquatic environment is smaller in comparison to air this means the rate of change of
cohesiveness and surface tensionwater flows freely yet water molecules do not break apart they cling together particularly to polar surfaces
adaptations to high wind velocitythe mechanical force of the wind and the grinding action of sand dust snow and other materials driven by it cause
windstrong current of air is known as wind it is an important ecological factor as it affects plant life mainly on flat plains along sea coasts and
inversionwe know that atmosphere is heated from below and warm air rises but air can be prevented from rising by a condition known as inversion an
air movements at tropical latitudeslet us now explain air movements at tropical latitudes the surface air that rushes to fill the equatorial void
pressure gradientyou know that air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere over a unit area of the earths surface the average air pressure at sea
adaptationsevery organism can live and reproduce within a certain range of climatic conditions organisms that live in hot or cold environments have
extremes of heat and colddeserts are regions of aridity with rainfall of less than 20 cm per year and the soil though l fertile is too porous to
altitudinal variationswe know that temperature decreases with increasing altitude this is mainly due to convection currents in the troposphere - the
temperaturetemperature is a major physical environmental factor which profoundly influences the vital activities of living organisms like metabolism
photoperiodismactivity like breeding and migration in animals flowering seed germination in plants are regulated by the length of daily period of
light and distributionwe have mentioned in the beginning that the variation in the amount of light generally affects the global and local
solar energy inputwe know that the spectral distribution and the intensity of solar radiation incident on the earths surface are known of the
lightall of us know that the sun is the ultimate source of energy for all activities in our biosphere the electromagnetic radiations from the sun
size of ecosystemas you know an ecosystem may be as small and as simple as a cow dung pad or as complex and large as an ocean or the biosphere itself
consumers heterotrophs other nourishing are incapable of photosynthesis and depend on organic food derived from animals plants or both consumers can
producersautotrophs self-nourishing are green plants as they synthesise carbohydrates from simple inorganic raw materials like carbon dioxide and
components of ecosystemthe components of the ecosystem can be categorised into abiotic or non-living and biotic orliving componentsabiotic components
ecosystemplants animals and human beings live in association with a wide variety of other plants and animals these communities of organisms are not
trophic structureorganisms in a community are closely interrelated with each other through feeding relationshipsanother aspect which is quite obvious