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mutual interrelationship among individuals of a communitymutual interrelationship includes all the direct and indirect effects that organisms have
species diversityan important attribute of a community is its species diversity the diversity is calculated both by the number of species richness
dominancein each community a few over topping species are present in greater bulk by their greater number or biomass living weight the dominant
growth-form and structurein a community the number of species and size of their populations vary greatly a community may have one or several species
types of communityon the basis of size and degree of relative independence communities may be divided into two typesi major communitythese are
communityif you look around yourself you will notice that populations of plants and animals seldom occur by themselves the reason for this is quite
populationyou must be familiar with the term population it is one of the most talked about issues of this century it is feared that the rapid growth
environment all organisms are intimately dependent on the environment from which they derive their sustenance organisms from virus to man are
subdivisions of ecologyecology was earlier divided into plant and animal ecology however modem ecology does not make any such distinction since
history of ecologythe roots of ecology lie in natural history which is as old as human civilisation itself as a matter of fact man indulged in
ecologyvery often a word has a precise well-defined meaning in scientific literature but is loosely used in everyday language it is therefore
microbodiesperoxisomes and glyoxysomes are microbodies formed from er which superficially resemble the lysosomes peroxisomes are spherical bodies
endocytosis and exocytosisendocytosis is the process by which substances are brought into the cell from outside by formation of membrane bound
polymorphism in lysosomespolymorphism ie existence of a structure in more than one form is an important feature of lysosomes several different forms
recycling of plasma membrane componentsduring exocytosis secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane adding to the membrane surface area yet the
rough and smooth endoplasrnic reticulum rer and serer is differentiated into two regions granular or rough endoplasrnic reticulum rer and agranular
cinemicrographyearlier it was impossible to follow the evenvts within the cell due toi non-visibility of cell organelles under a light microscopeii
tissue cultureit is an important technique for maintaining apm or piece of animal or plant tissue alive after their culture dishes it is necessary to
autoradiographyautoradiography is a modification of the radioactive tracer technique in this technique the radioactivity is detected by a thin film
radioisotopesradioisotopes are those forms of an element which exhibit rzdioactivity and so can be used as markers or tracers for this purpose we
scanning electron microscopy semwhile tem is useful to study the internal structul-c of thc ccll sem is an important technique if you wish to examine
transmission electron microscopythe source of illumination in a tem is a tungsten filament that emits electrons a vacuum is created to prevent the
electron microscopy emin em the object is viewed by a beam of electrons instead of visible light an electron beam has a shorter wadelength h 0004 nm
fluorescence microscopycertain compounds when exposed to short wavelength radiations eg uv and x-rays absorb and emit energy as light of a longer
cytochemistryit is well known that certain stains and dyes specifically combine with certain chemical components of the cell cytochemical techniques