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glycogenolysisunlike glycogenesis glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen glycogen is broken down in the liver and muscle
glycogen synthase exists in two forms the phosphorylated form designated as d form is the inactive one and the
regulation of glycogenesisglycogen synthase the key enzyme in glycogenesis is activated by insulin and glucose and inhibited by
important aspects related to regulation include1 the hormones glucagon and glucocorticoids which are secreted during
the key enzymes of gluconeogenesisincludea pyruvate carboxylaseb phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinasec fructose- 16-bisphosphatase
glucose-1-phosphate to glycogenthe conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glycogen is through udpg and glycogen synthase we shall learn
glucose-6-phosphate to glucoseglucose-6-phosphate to glucose glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase which is
fructose-16-bisphosphate and fructose-6-phosphate the conversion of fructose-16- bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is
oxaloacetate to malateoxaloacetate to malate oxaloacetate cannot permeate mitochondria 1 membrane well and it must be transported across the
pyruvate carboxylationpyruvate carboxylation in this reaction pyruvate co and atp are converted to oxaloacetate adp and pi catalysed by the
the alanine cyclefollow the alanine link in the alanine cycle the process goes as under1 pyruvate formed from glycolysis in the
the cori cyclea pyruvate formed from glucose is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase in the muscle cellb lactate is released
what is lactatelactate is transported to the liver in the cori cycle lactic acid cycle and is converted to pyruvate hepatic
functions of gluconeogenesisthe significance of gluconeogenesis include1 during starvation or during periods of limited carbohydrate
explain gluconeogenesisgluconeogenesis ie synthesis of new glucose is the synthesis of carbohydrate from non-carbohydrate
anaplerotic reactions anaplerotic reactions are reactions that replenish the intermediates of citric acid cycle the
availability of adpwhen the adp levels increase due to hydrolysis ofatp in various biosynthetic reactions the rate of reaction to
explain regulatory enzymesregulatory enzymes citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
regulation of the citric acid cyclethe citric acid cycle is regulated by certain enzymes and by the availability of
oxidation of malate to oxaloacetateoxidation of malate to oxaloacetate malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase and nad
oxidation of succinate to fimarate this reaction is catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase and fad is needed as a cofactor
isomerization of citrateisomerization of citrate in this step citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by aconitase which has
role of citratecitrate in addition to being an intermediate of citric acid cycle provides a source of acetyl coa for the cytosolic
explain inhibitorsinhibitors citrate synthase is inhibited by atp nadh succinyl coa and acyl coa derivative of fatty acids fatty acyl coa the rate of
synthesis of citratefrom acetyl coa and oxaloacetate citrate synthase catalyses this aldol condensation reaction with the release of coa there are