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doppler echocardiogaphy is based on the doppler effect which was described by the austrian phyicist christian doppler in 1842 the
doppler echocardiojgraphy measures blood flow velocities and direction of blood flow in the heart add great vessels the characteristics
these views are obtained by placing the transducer in the suprasternal notch with the ridge pointing cephalad the neck is extended during the
in addition to parasternal and apical transducer position subcostal view also provides imaging window in adult patients the patient is supine with
techniques operation is done under general endo tracheal anaesthesia patient is positioned with the left chest tilted up using a sand bag under left
the transducer is placed in the mid axillary line with the transducer ridge pointing towards the patients left to obtain the four-chamber view
examination is begun by placing the transducer in left parasternal region usually in the third or fourth left intercostal space from this position
patient positioning the patient should be in the left lateral position as this brings the heart into contact with chest wall the
a lot of hemodynamic information including maximum and mean velocity maximum and mean pressure gradients and pressure half time can be obtained from
various structures are seen in two-dimensional planes hence mental conceptualization is still required because the heart is three-dimensional now
provides one dimensional ice pick view of the heart only provides information with respect to the distance of each object from the transducer and
closed mitral valvotomy this has been 1-eplaced by balloon mitral valvotomy bmv in most centres it is done in cases of either pure mitral
echocardiography is a very important tool in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and is used virtually in all categories of cardiovascular
echocardiography utilizes principle of ultrasound for visualization of heart and great vessels it uses sound in the frequency of 1-10 mhz as
echocardiography is one of the -most frequently used imaging modalities for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases it is versatile and is applicable
the heart is enclosed in a membranous sac called the pericardium it has two layers- the fibrous pericardium which is the outer layer and the serous
the arterial supply is by the right and left coronary arteries in the event of sudden block of one artery the area of myocardium supplied by that
the mitral valve has an anterior and a posterior cusp the anterior cusp is larger and is attached on the upper right part of the margin of the left
the interior of the right atrium has a rough anterior part the atrium proper and a smooth part called the sinus venarum also it has an appendage
in this unit you have learnt that heart is a muscular organ situated in thorax covering with pericardium and consist of four chambers ie right atrium
other complications bioprosthetic valves have a tendency for degeneration calcification or cusp perforation current models have overcome many of
pulmonary valve is surface marked at the sternal end of the left 3rd costal cartilage aortic valve is surface marked at the sternal margin of the
haemolysis mechanical valves bioprosthetic valves as well as valves repaired with annuloplasty rings may cause haemolysis and related anaemia
connect point a and d by line which is convex to the left the left border is formed by the left ventricle except at its upper end which is formed by
the upper border of the hearta mark a point on the lower border of the left second costal cartilage 12 cm away from the sternal marginb mark