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refractoriness under load rul this represents the resistance of a refractory material to the combined efforts of heat and load. rul is the
refractoriness it indicates the capacity of a material to withstand heat without appreciable deformation or softening under particular operating
permeability the rate of diffusion of molten solid liquid and gases through refractories is called permeability. low permeability is usually more
bulk density this is represented by the weight per unit volume of the refractory of gcm3. this volume includes the volume of the pores space
properties of good refractory material the requirements of refractories for different furnaces and heating places depend on the working conditions.
spelling resistance the breaking or cracking or peeling off the refractory is known as spelling. a good refractory must show a good resistance to
heat capacity heat capacity of furnace depend on1 thermal conductivity 2 specific heat and 3 specific gravity of
porosity the property of the refractory brick is the ratio of its pore volume to the total volume. the refractory material with high porosity is not
q. how can you measure the refractories and refractoriness under load of a refractory material?
q. what are refractorys? how are they classified? give the essential requirements of good
types of engine the internal combustion engines for the automotive use may be classified according to the following considerationsengine cyclenumber
use of multicylinder engineif in a multi cylinder engine power strokes are staggered the limitation of flywheel can be overcome to a large extent.
basic engine design considerationseffect of engine sizethe two parameters involved are the diameter d and stroke l of the engine. the effect of
firing orderif in multi cylinder engines various cylinders are made to fire one after the other interference between adjacent cylinders would occur
comparison of petrol engines and diesel engines1. in petrol engine a mixture of air and petrol is drawn into the cylinder and
four stroke diesel enginethe cycle of events that takes place in a four -stroke diesel engine has been shown. unlike the petrol which drawn in a
comparison of 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines two-stroke engine possesses the following advantages over the four stroke type1.
working of i.c. enginebasically there are 2 types of internal combustion engines the two stoke type and the 4-stroke type. a brief description of
engine cyclesthe two commonly used cycles on which the i.c. engines operate are1otto cycle. 2 diesel cycle.1 otto
engine torqueit is the force of rotating action about the crankshaft axis at any given instant of time. it is given by
emulsification emulsification can be defined as the property of oils to get intimately mixed with water easily. emulsions can be oil in water
saponification number saponification number of oil is the number of milligram of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 g of oil. mineral oils
pour point just as flashpoint when temperature is further lowered below cloud point of certain temperature oil becomes semi-solid and losses its flow
flash point flash point is lowest temperature at which the lubricant oil gives off enough vapours that is ignited for a moment.significance
q. discuss the significance of viscosity in lubricating oil. how the viscosity is determined by redwood