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define usbthe universal serial bususb is an industry standard developed to give two speed of operation known as low-speed and full-speed they provide
what is scsians it is the acronym for small computer system interface it refers to a standard bus explained ansi devices such as disks are linked to
what is pci busthe peripheral component interconnectpci bus is a standard that handles the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized
what is a serial port a serial port transfers and receives data single bit at a
what is a parallel porta parallel port transfers data in the form a number of bits typically 8 to 16 concurrently to or from the
what is port what are the types of port availablean io interface having of circuitry needed to connect an io device to computer bus one side consists
what is bus arbitrationit is method by which the next device to become the bus master is selected and bus mastership is transferred to it there are
what is a privileged instructionto protect the operating system of a computer from being corrupted by user programs particular instructions can be
what are the different methods used for handling the situation when multiple interrupts occurs1 vectores interrupts2 interrupt nesting3 simultaneous
define exceptionthe term exception is used to transfer to any event that causes an
define interruptan interrupt is any exceptional event that causes a cpuu to temporarily transfer control from its present program to another program
what is program-controlled ioin program controlled io the processor repeatedly checks a status flags to achieve the needed synchronization among the
what do you mean by memory mapped ioin memory mapped io there is no particular input or output instructions the cpu can manipulate io data residing
define asynchronous busasynchronous buses are the ones in which every item being transferred is accompanied by a control signal that shows its
define synchronous bussynchronous buses are the ones in which every item is transferred during a time slotclock cycle known to both the source and
define buswhen a word of data is transferred among units all the bits are transferred in parallel over a set of lines called bus in addition to the
what are vectored interruptsto decrease the time involved in the polling process a device requesting an interrupt may recognize itself directly to
what is a priority interrupta priority interrupt is an interrupt that establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which condition is
what are the two independent mechanisms for controlling interrupt requestat the device end an interrupt enable bit in a control register verifies
what is the need of interrupt controller the interrupt controller is employed to expand the interrupt inputs it can handle the interrupt requests
what is pollingpolling is a scheme or an algorithm to recognize the devices interrupting the processor polling is employed when multiple devices
define dma controllerthe io device interface control circuit that is used for direct memory access is called as dma
explain direct memory accessa modest enhances in hardware enables an io device to transfer a block of information to or from memory without cpu
write the factors considered in designing an io subsystem1 data location device selection address of data within device track sector etc2
what is an io interfaceinput-output interface provides a method for transferring binary information among internal storage like memory and cpu