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  The small intestine

The small intestine:

It is around 5-7 meter long. It is sub-divided into three segments namely the initial short segment duodenum, the jejunum and the longest segment ileum.

The food is propelled down into the duodenum due to the peristaltic action of the stomach wall. The pyloric sphincter situated at the junction of stomach and duodenum regulates the movement of chyme.

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The food in small intestine is mixed with three juices viz. bile juice, pancreatic juice and the intestinal juice.

Bile juice:

It is a brownish green, alkaline secretion of liver. It is stored in gall bladder and poured into the duodenum through the bile duct. The bile holds mucus, water, inorganic salts, cholesterol and bile salts. The bile salts blend fats and aid enzymes similar to lipase to act upon fats. During emulsification, the bile salts transform bigger fat particles into smaller fat globules.

Pancreatic juice:

It is an alkaline fluid (pH 7-8). It is transported to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. It holds water, mineral salts and a variety of enzymes similar to: trypsin, chymotrypsin that is secreted in the form of inactive precursor’s trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. The precursors are activated by the amylytic enzyme amylase, enterokinase of the intestinal juice, the pancreatic lipase (steapesin), carboxypeptidase and nuclease. The enzyme trypsin hydrolyses proteins into the polypeptides and peptones.

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Chymotrypsin hydrolyses peptide bonds related with specific amino acids similar to tyrosine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan. It outcomes in large peptides.

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Carboxypeptidase is an exopeptidase. It assaults the peptide bonds at the carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain resultant in ditripeptides and amino acids. The pancreatic amylase transforms starch into maltose. The lipase acts on emulsified fat (triglycerides) and hydrolyses them into the free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Monoglycerides might be further hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acid.

Intestinal juice: (Succus entericus)

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