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  Recording Seismic Signals, Physics tutorial

Introduction:

Seismographs are a Instruments that record seismic signals. They range from timers which mention only single events to critical units that store signals from a number of detectors digitize and filter simultaneously.

Single-Channel Seismographs:

Most single-channel seismographs have graphic displays, though rudimentary seismic ''timers'' which basically shows the originating time of the first important energy pulse numerically were once popular. On a visual display, the time range is switch or key-pad selected and the left-hand edge of the screen defines the shot or instant effect. Hard copy is usually hard copy is achievable and times are measured directly. In some models, a cursor can be moved across the screen even the time consequent to its position is shown. Noise levels can be watched by observing the trace in the absence of a source pulse.  Enhancement principles use modern single-channel instruments a digital version of the signal is stored in solid-state memory, as well as being visualized on the screen. A second signal can added to it or restore this .in this way for a theoretical √n improvement in signal/noise ratio any number n of signals can be stacked.  

Multi-Channel Seismographs:

Seismographs with 12 or 24 channels are commonly used in shallow surveys, where a minimum of 48 channels is now the norm in deep reflection work. When each shot produces many traces both refraction and reflection work can be done with multiple channels, and explosives can logically be used since the cost per shot is not more important. And most instruments now provide graphic displays, optional hard copy and digital recording Enhancement is used very broadly. Now in use the enhancement seismographs are very versatile instruments and Sophisticated. Display formats can be differ and individual traces can be selected for preservation, replacement or enhancement, Traces can be amplified before as well as after storage in memory, and time offsets can be used to visualize events that happen after long delay times delay. before recording, Digital recording has virtually the need for amplification eliminated due to the inherently very large dynamic range associated with storage of data as fixed precision numbers plus exponents example, to reduce both high frequency random noise and also the long-period noise of uncertain origin, Filters can also be applied that sometimes drives the traces from one or two geophones across the display, obscuring other traces.

 Now obsolete knob and switch controlled Geometrics 1210F is the device on the right. The instrument on the left is one of it's the smartseis, successors, and the much greater size of the display ''window'' that is totally menu-driven Note the hard-copy record just emerging from the Smartseis.

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