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  Toxins

Toxins:

Two kinds of toxins are generated by C.tetani. One is oxygen labile haemolysin and is termed as tetanolysin. The other one is the necessary pathogenic product, a neurotoxin and is termed as tetanospasmin. The expected lethal dosage for a mouse of pure tetanospasmin is 0.0001 µg. This is toxic to man and different animals whenever injected parenterally, however not by oral route.

1328_Clostridium tetani.jpg

Figure: Clostridium tetani

Whenever the disease takes place naturally the tetanus bacilli stay at the place of infection and are not invasive. However the toxin diffuses to affect the spinal cord and then the whole system. The toxin is absorbed and delivered to all nerves through blood.

The toxin arrives at the central nervous system by passing all along the motor nerves. Toxin at first passes to part of the brain stem or spinal cord and causes local tetanus. After that by local spread, up the spinal cord, generates ascending tetanus. After reaching the brain stem, spreads downwards causing lockjaw pursued by descending tetanus. Tetanus toxin causes over action of motor cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, and then diffuses in the entire central nervous system. The toxins affect the membrane of synaptic vesicles. This prevents the discharge of neurotransmitter γ-aminobutric acid.

Many neurons are left beneath no inhibitory control and undergo sustained excitatory release causing the characteristic motor spasms of tetanus. The toxin applies its effects on the spinal cord, the brain stem, peripheral nerves, at neuromuscular junctions and straightforwardly on muscles.

 

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