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  Requirements for immunogenicity

Requirements for immunogenicity: (properties)

Immunogenicity is not an intrinsic property of a molecule. It based on different factors:

1. Foreignness:

Antigen molecule should be foreign to the host. For illustration when rabbit protein is injected into rabbit no antibody response takes place. However when human protein is injected into rabbit antibody response is persuaded. Foreignness depends also on the existence in a molecule of chemical grouping completely unfamiliar to an organism

2. Size and shape:

Molecular shape does not appear to influence immunogenicity however molecular size affects immunogenicity. Smaller the molecular size is; it is less immunogenic. Insulin MW 6000 is a poor immunogen. Greater the molecular weight it is a powerful immunogen. For illustration flagella is more immunogenic than polymerized flagellin which in return more immunogenic than monomer of the flagellin.

3. Complexity and composition:

Synthetic polypeptides are usually employed to study the effect of complexity and composition. Raising complexity contributes to molecule’s immunogenicity

4. Recognition by two lymphocyte types:

A) T. independent antigens:

Some T cell independent antigens need only stimulation of particular B cells to generate antibodies. Example: Staphylococcal enterotoxins.

B) T dependent antigens:

Most of the antigens need recognition by both B and T cells. Example: Sheep RBC in mice

C) A molecule’s immunogenicity too depends on the Species. Example: Dextran is immunogenic in man and mice however not in guinea pigs and rabbits.

5)  Immunogenicity too depends on the dosage and route of administration:

Very small dosage might not induce immune response however might induce tolerance. Very high dosage might induce paralysis. Optimum dosage induces good response. Route of injection influences immune response. In intra venous injection central stimulation takes place and good antibody response is induced. In intradermal administration local lymph node stimulation takes place leading to CMI response.

6. Intervals between injections influence immune response:

Antigen should be administered with periods.

7. Uses of adjuvants potentiate immune response Epitope:

Epitopes are the portions of an antigen that contact the antigen-binding places of an antibody or the T cell receptor. It is an antigenic establishing the site of antigen molecule.

2065_epitopes.jpg


Figure: Epitopes present on the antigen

 

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