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  Laboratory diagnosis of Brucellosis

Laboratory diagnosis:

Blood is gathered as specimen and is cultured in glucose serum broth, in duplicates. Subcultures on to solid media are prepared and characteristic colonies are looked for. The blood cultures are kept at least for 6 weeks before they are useless as negative.

Serology:

Antibodies might be detected 7 to 10 days after onset of clinical infection. In acute phase agglutinating antibodies provide high titre and start to fall. Both agglutinating and complement fixing antibodies are found in acute phase. Agglutinating antibodies are IgM and the complement fixing antibodies are IgG. Whenever the disease becomes chronic, the IgM antibodies reduce and the agglutination titre might fall low or might show nil even whenever the patient is ill. However IgG antibodies are present throughout infection and they can be detected by complement fixation test. One more technique to detect the non agglutinating antibodies is the utilization of anti-human globulin serum. This aid in agglutinating Brucella suspension that is already sensitized by the non-agglutinating antibodies in the patient serum.

Epidemiology:

B. melitensis was the initial organism to be studied. The organism was initially isolated from the spleen of fatal cases by an Army doctor, David Bruce in the year 1886. He was serving with British Army on the island of Malta. Therefore this fever was termed as Mediterranean or Malta fever. He explained it as a coccus. During that time more Navy and Army personnel were affected. The name Brucella was specified in honor of Bruce, to establish it as the cause of Mediterranean fever by transmitting the infection to monkeys. After 20 years Zammit a bacteriologist illustrated that the organism Brucella was transmitted to man via goat’s milk.

In Great Britain B.abortus is the only species that causes human brucellosis. Despite wide spread vaccination of cattle B.abortus infection stays endemic among cattle and milk is the main source of infection. A milk ring test is the screening test to identify the presence of agglutinating antibody in dairy cattle. B.suis causes infection whenever people eat infected pig meat or have contact with infected pigs. Horses are vulnerable to all the three species of Brucella Prevention and control.


Vaccination:

Cattle must be vaccinated between 6 to 8 months of age to avoid abortion due to invasion of the organism to the uterus. A live attenuated vaccine, identical to one employed to immunize cattle, has been employed to immunize the persons who are at risk [i.e., veterinarians and farmers]. Or else this vaccine is not employed for normal persons since of undesirable side effects.

Pasteurization:

Pasteurization removes Brucella organisms from infected milk and milk products.

 

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