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  Anterior urethra

Anterior urethra:

A diversity of commensal organisms is existed in anterior urethra. They are lactobacilli, Streptococci and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. These are fairly avirulent and are rarely related with human disease. Urethra might be transiently colonized by members of enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus and Candida. Pathogens like N.gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis cause urethritis and can endure as asymptomatic colonizer of urethra.

Vagina:

The microbial population of the vagina is much diverse and is influenced by hormonal factors. New born girls are colonized by lactobacilli at birth and such predominate for around six weeks. The pH of the vagina is acidic. After this time whenever the maternal estrogen level declines the pH becomes neutral. The normal flora modifies to Staphylococci, Streptococci and members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Whenever the estrogen production is initiated at puberty the pH modifies to acidic due the metabolism of carbohydrates particularly glycogen. At this occasion there is a change in the microbial flora. The lactobacilli predominate once again. The other organisms present are: S.epidermidis, Enterococcus, Streptococci, Gardnerella, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma and a diversity of anaerobic bacteria. Subsequent to menopause, the flora changes reverse to prepubertal flora.

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Figure: Normal Vaginal Flora

 

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