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  General Principles of Extraction of Metals Homework Help - K-12 Grade Level, College Level Chemistry

Introduction to Principle of Extraction of Metals

Occurrence of Metals:

The earth's crust is the major source for metals. Various soluble salts of the metals are found in sea-water. Metals remains in the nature sometimes free but generally in combined state. The natural form of the occurrence of a metal is hugely dependent on its nature. Those metals which are found to be least reactive and have little or no affinity for oxygen, moisture, and a variety of other chemical reagents remains in free or metallic or native state i.e. in uncombined state. Majority of the metals are reactive and thus occurred in combined state i.e., as compounds.

 

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The natural substances in which the metals or their compounds found in the earth are referred to as minerals. The mineral has a particular or exact composition. It may be a single compound or a compound mixture. The minerals from which metals can easily and cost-effectively extracted are called as ores. All the ores are minerals but reverse is not always the same. For instance, bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O) and clay (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) are the minerals of aluminium. It is bauxite which is utilized for the extraction of aluminium but not clay. Hence, bauxite is an ore of aluminium. Ores can be classified into four groups.

  1. Native ores: These ores comprises of metals in Free State, like, silver, gold, mercury, platinum, copper, etc. These are found usually related with rock or alluvial materials such as clay, sand, etc. At times lumps of pure metals are also discovered. These are known as nuggets.
  2. Oxidised ores: In these ores, metals are present as their oxides like sulphates, phosphates, carbonates, nitrates etc.
  3. Halide ores: Metallic halides are typically less in nature.

METALLURGY:

The complete process of getting a pure metal from one of its ores is called as metallurgy.

So as to extract the metal from ores, a variety of physical and chemical methods are used. The method used generally depends upon the properties of the metal, the local conditions and the nature of the ore. Hence, it is impossible to have a widespread technique for the extraction of all the metals from their ores. The metallurgy of a metal takes three major functions:

  1. Concentration or dressing of Ore,
  2. Reduction of Ore
  3. Purification or refining of Ore

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