Introduction
Both dyes and pigments appear to be coloured since they absorb several wavelengths of light preferentially. In contrast through a dye, a pigment usually is insoluble, and has no affinity for the substrate. Several dyes can be precipitated through an inert salt to generate a lake pigment, and depend on the salt utilized they could be aluminum lake, calcium lake or barium lake pigments.
Definition of Pigments
Pigments are usually coloured, organic or inorganic solid powder, and generally are insoluble. They aren't affected physically or chemically in the substrate in which they are incorporated. Pigments can provide a full range of colours.
Features of Pigments
The pigments are versatile colouring agents that come through all round features to provide credence to their suitability in a variety of mediums. Several of the striking characteristics are: Excellent light and weather fastness:
A good baking stability that makes them suitable for automotive and other industrial paints
High tinting strength--
Good over spray fastness whenever applied in paints
Provides heat stability of around 300° C in the case of Polyolefins
Plastics
Outstanding solvent resistance properties
Easily dispersible
Consistency and uniqueness of shades.
Types of Pigments
a. Inorganic Pigments: Those pigments that are made up of mineral compounds are identified to be Inorganic Pigments. Such minerals are mostly oxides, sulphides of one or more metals. To impart colours in different compounds, inorganic pigments are applied.
b. Organic Pigments: In organic pigments, the molecules are made of carbon atoms along through hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen atoms. Organic pigments can be sub separated into 2 viz. Natural organic pigments and Synthetic organic pigments.
c. Metallic Pigments: Obtained from the ores of metal
Natural and Synthetic Organic Pigments
i. Natural Organic Pigments - Pigments of this category are derived from animal and plant products. Utilize of such pigments is rare due to their poor light fastness property.
ii. Synthetic Organic Pigments - Pigments of this category are carbon based and are often made from petroleum products. Under intense pressure or heat, carbon base molecules are created from petroleum, acids, and other chemicals and synthetic organic pigments have been formulated from such molecule. Most of the synthetic organic pigments except carbon black aren't stable and they will wear away at the time of use as a pigment.
Table: Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Organic Pigments
Natural
Organic
Pigments
Synthetic Organic Pigments
Miscellane
ous: e.g.
Rose-
Madder,
Bone
Black,
Carbon
Black
Quinacr
id-
ones
Phthalo
c-
yanines
Peryl
e-nes
Pyrrol
es
Ary-
lamid
Metal
Complex
es: e.g.
Transpar
ent
Yellow,
New
Gambog
e
Dioxazsine-
in
Danthrone.
Differences among Types of Pigments
Table: Property of various Kinds of Pigments
Property
Behaviour
Inorganic
Classical
Specialty
Dyestuffs
Opacity
Usually high
Translucent to Transport
Very
Transparent
Colour Strength
Low to
moderate
Considerably stronger than
Inorganic Pigments
Strongest
Dispersability
Usually
Good: Often
Abrasive
Adequate
Poor to good
Not
required;
Soluble
Heat Resistant
Usually 5000F; Some 2000C
1500 C- 3000 C
2000 C- 3000 C
2500 C- 3500 C
Migration
resistance
Excellent
Moderate -
Good
Good -
Outstanding
Very Poor -
good
Light Fastness
(on a Blue scale
6 to 8
2 to 6
2 to 7
Weather
for selection
Insufficient
Excellent for
Selection
Good for
selection
Natural pigments
Different kinds of natural pigments are originate in different types of natural sources. Several of such pigments are attained from insects/animals and others are acquired from plants. Other pigments belong to cosmetics and contain affinity to all these foods and drugs that need colour additives. Natural pigments are good for utilize in the shower gel, bath bombs, bath salts, shampoo, soap, lotion and in many more other products. Such pigments have good quality of bleed protectiveness in soap and these are as well water dispersible. But, such pigments don't have high intensity in light.
Kinds of Natural Pigments
Annatto natural pigments
Annatto natural pigments contain reddish-orange colourant. This colourant is obtained from seeds of Achiote trees. Annatto pigments are given 'annatto' as a name since such pigments are derived from Annato shrubs. The concentration of annatto pigments in the annatto shrubs, fluctuate from place to place. Whenever the foodstuffs need hues of yellow to orange, annatto based pigments are utilized. The chief food items in that annatto dyes are utilized are: in making cheese (around 50%), fish processing (around 20%), and confectionery (around 10%), and dairy products except cheese (around 20%). Bixin is the main carotenoid of annatto Bixin
Plant pigments
Chlorophyll is responsible for the green colour of flowering plants. Acetone is needed for the extraction of plant pigments. Calcium carbonate must be present for stimulating the extraction process. Any other mild alkali can as well be utilized for the extraction of plant pigments.
The alkali is utilized during the extraction procedure to neutralize the acid that releases from the plant tissues.
Fig: Chlorophyll
Carotenoid pigments
Carotenoid pigments for instance β-carotene, have colour range from yellow to red. Mixture of acetone and hexane in the 1:3 ratios is used for the extraction of carotenoid pigments. The acetone fraction enclosing the extracted carotenoid pigments is eliminated through water. To eliminate the hexane residue, the mixture is treated by activated MgO2 in diatomaceous earth column.
Fig: chemical structure of carotene series.
Betalain pigments
Betalains are another type of colour pigments which are also derived from plants. These pigments are present in two forms. The first is - cyanin having purple-red colour and are present in high concentration. The second is -xanthine that is yellow in colours that are obtained in low concentration. Such pigments can easily be extracted from plant tissues by water as they are highly soluble in water. The extracted water is then blended smoothly through ethyl alcohol in 1:1 ratio. The utilize of ethanol in the mixture is to diminish the enzymatic action; otherwise the pigments will be degraded.
Fig: Betalain Pigments
Anthocyanin pigments
Anthocyanin pigments are coloured pigments and such are found in abundance in plant kingdom. The colours imparted via such pigments are blue, red and purple. The colour of fruits and flowers are as well due to the colour impartation of such pigments. Anthocyanins are soluble in water and their extraction from the plant parts is as well easy. Slightly acid mixed water is needed for the extraction of such pigments.
Fig: Anthocyanin Pigments
Limitations of Natural Pigments
1. Natural pigments are generated through traditional process.
2. Such pigments have lower intensity in comparison to synthetic pigments.
3. To attain the similar depth like synthetic pigments, natural pigments need huge quantities of raw materials.
4. Such pigments aren't efficient for colouring of the synthetic clothes.
5. To ensure adequate wash and light fastness, such pigments need application through different metallic mordants.
6. Application through few mordants like alumina and iron has adverse consequences on the environment.
7. The liquid waste of natural pigments encloses heavy metal that is much more than the desired limit.
Factors affecting the selection of Pigments
Factors affecting the choice of a pigment based on application. The subsequent broad features can be taken as a guide:
Hiding efficiency
Colour pH value
Bulking value
Density
Refractive index
Hardness
Oil absorption
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