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  Classes of Data Items

Introduction to Classes of Data Items

Basically there are three classes of data items to be considered, as shown fig 3.15,

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Data Element: The smallest unit of data that cannot be further decomposed.

Data Structure: Once data items have defined the data structure required by the particular system under consideration can be identified. The terms normally used to define data structures are:

  • Group Items: Combinations of data items for some logical purpose. For an example, the data item customer address might well be combined with the data item customer name to form a group item i.e. customer named and address.
  • Records: Collections of data items or group items which are gathered to define an entity for a particular processing purpose. For an example the data item customer number and the group item customer name and address might be brought together to form a customer name names and address record whereby in a sales invoicing application the customer number input to the system on a delivery note should be matched with the customer number in the customer name and address record to pick up the name and address.
  • Files: Collection of records which are gathered together to allow processing of data about several entities. For an example if in the invoicing system, all the deliveries for a particular day were processed to produce invoices then a file of customer name and address records would be required to match against all the different customers to whom a delivery had been made.

Database: A collection of records which are interrelated for purposes of processing to meet use requirements. For an example in a deliveries database, the delivery record would be interrelated with the order record product record customer record and invoice record, in such a way to minimize duplication of data.

Data Stores and Data Flows: Data stores and data flows are made up of data structures and elements. Consequently, data store and flow entries contain data structure and data elements. The data   is these entries   are described using any of the above notations. Entries about data stores and flows also include other references. For example, the data flow description contains the origin and destination of the data flow. It also contains the physical description of the data flow, in this case stating that it takes the form of paper invoices. Data store descriptions also contain physical information, such as the medium used to store the data and where it is located.

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