Structure of a DNA molecule
Elaborate the structure of a DNA molecule?
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The molecule of a DNA is double-stranded. The molecule takes the shape of a double helix. The DNA molecule has two complementary strands oriented in an anti-parallel fashion. All strand is made up of nucleotides. A nucleotide has a base (a purine or pyrimidine), a sugar (between the other two components) called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are connected to each other with phosphodiester bonds, creating a sugar-phosphate backbone to each strand. Base of each nucleotide projects into an interior cavity of helix. Every base is opposite other base: adenine (a purine) is every time paired with the thymine (a pyrimidine), and the guanine (purine) with the cytosine (pyrimidine); this phenomenon is known as complementary base pairing. Every nucleotide forms hydrogen bonds with its complementary base on another strand. Two hydrogen bonds form among adenine and thymine; three hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine.
The French chemist Francois Marie Raoult (1886) carried out a series of experiments to study the vapour pressure of a number of binary solutions. On the basis of the results of the experiments, he proposed a generalization called Raoult's law which states that, <
order of decreasing basicity of urea and its substituents
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The main objective of this particular aspect of Physical Chemistry is to examine the relation between free energies and the mechanical energy of electromotive force of electrochemical cells. The ionic components of aqueous solutions can be treated on the basis of the
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