1. The ______ theory argues that gender differences in earnings exist because men and women bring different skills and training investment to their work.
a. dual labor market/occupational sex segregation
b. human capital
c. social distance
d. glass ceiling
2. In a caste system, one's place in the stratification system is usually based on ____________ status, whereas in a class system, one's place is largely based on _________ status.
a. ascribed; achieved
b. achieved; ascribed
c. estate; deviant
d. deviant; estate
3. How is homophobia related to gender socialization?
a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.
b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism.
c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated.
d. Research on homophobia indicates that the "social construction of gender" is a myth
e. all of the above
4. The fact that most advertisements that portray romantic couples contain images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation, which demonstrates the connection between gender roles and socialization to sexuality norms/roles.
a. homonormative
b. heteronormative
c. homophobic
d. social constructionist
5. Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________.
a. occupational sex segregation
b. the double standard of sexuality
c. heteronormativity
d. social construction of gender
6. Dependency theory and modernization theory are competing explanations for global inequality. Dependency theory is similar to ____________ whereas modernization theory is similar to ___________.
a. conflict theory; functionalist theory
b. differential association; labeling
c. resource mobilization; mass society
d. credentialism; self-fulfilling prophecy
7. Prejudice is a matter of ____ whereas discrimination is a matter of _____.
a. biology; culture
b. attitudes; actions
c. actions; attitudes
d. choice; social structure
8. Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean?
a. Race is a natural phenomenon based on unchangeable traits found in individuals.
b. Race is a social phenomenon created by individuals and shaped by social forces.
c. Race is believed to be a part of a person's "essence," or their very being.
d. Race is based on an objective measure of physical resemblances
9. Women are far more likely than men to assume household duties in addition to working full-time jobs, an inequality that has been dubbed __________.
a. the second shift
b. the care-work conflict
c. the female burden
d. instrumentation
10. Divorce is correlated with:
a. getting married at a younger age
b. higher education levels
c. lower education levels
d. heavy social media consumption
e. both a and c
11. The example in lecture of the disparity in sentencing for crack vs. powder cocaine...
a. demonstrates the racial impact in the War on Drugs
b. explains some of the increase in incarceration over the past 30 years
c. is because African Americans use more illegal drugs than other groups
d. is a consequence of the "harm reduction" model in the U.S.
e. both a and b
12. Which is/are true about divorce rates in the U.S.?
a. divorce has continued to rise in the past several years
b. divorce rose as laws changed making them easier to get
c. divorce rose as women became less dependent on men financially
d. divorce declined recently because people started marrying later
e. all except a
13. The term minority group is potentially ambiguous and confusing, particularly for sociologists, because:
a. they use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50 percent of the population
b. they often disagree about the percentage of the population that is nonwhite
c. sociology is a dynamic discipline that has difficulty with a static concept such as minority group
d. the relative proportions of minority and majority groups change over time
14. When a group assumes the attitudes and language of the dominant community, it has engaged in:
a. genocide
b. assimilation
c. segregation
d. pluralism
15. Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation and place and context offer support for the idea that __________.
a. biological influences have no impact on gender differences
b. biological influences have minimal impact on gender differences
c. social forces have no impact on gender differences
d. social forces have an impact on some gender differences
16. According to recent data from the Bogardus social distance scale:
a. college students are accepting of LGBTQ people but not of different racial and ethnic groups
b. overall, people in the U.S. have become less accepting of interacting with groups of other races and ethnicities
c. acceptance of Muslims and Arab Americans has declined since 9/11
d. overall, people are less accepting of gay/lesbian/transgender people than in years past
17. Which term applies to the process by which a discriminated-against-group is blamed for its "inferiority"?
a. the "vicious cycle of prejudice"
b. social distance scale
c. white privilege
d. affirmative action
18. The Caruso et al. research we discussed in class about how political support for a candidate (e.g. Obama) can influence the perception of biracial candidates' skin tones may be an example of which concept?
a. rationality
b. institutionalized racism
c. explicit bias
d. authoritarian personality
e. implicit bias
19. Based on the point in the article "Understanding Gender," the fact that we have intersex conditions demonstrates the "Social constructionist" view of sexuality/gender. True (A) or False (B)?
20. According to the article on best and worst places to be a working woman, the measures used include childcare costs, paid parental leave, and women on company boards. True (A) or False (B)?
21. In the NPR story about pre-school, the research presented suggests that:
a. teachers are equally empathetic to children of any race, but not toward adults
b. teachers are more empathetic to kids of their own race
c. teachers exhibit explicit bias in pre-schools regarding race and gender
d. teachers are more empathetic to boys
e. both a and d
22. According to PEW research, the U.S. had less income inequality than most comparable countries. True (A) or False (B)?
23. According to the PEW research on families in which both parents work full-time, which is true?
a. women do vastly more childcare and paid labor than men
b. men and women have different perceptions of how much they contribute to household chores and childcare
c. women and men do equal amounts of household chores but women do more childcare
d. women do more of the childcare and household chores but not by a huge amount
e. both b and d
24. In "The Way We Never Were" excerpt, the author argues that:
a. the traditional family has been romanticized
b. race relations in the U.S. were never as bad as the media makes them seem
c. that teenagers have been demonized in the media
d. that family stress was higher in the 1950s than now
e. none of the above
25. A critique of modernization theory (by dependency theorists) is that:
a. it fails to acknowledge the impact of colonialism
b. colonizers extracted resources from dependent countries
c. develop will not occur at the same rate as countries modernize
d. the very notion of "development" that should occur similarly in several contexts is