Problem:
How can I make notes with bullet points in this paragraph? Teachers spend a good deal of their time trying to manage their class and disciplining unruly children. The techniques they use can have significant effects on children's social behavior. Some teachers use poker chips or candies (so called "token economies") to encourage children to behave and to learn their school work. Others use verbal approval, systematically praising children's appropriate behavior. Teachers' attempts to apply operant reinforcement principles to classroom control have been quite successful. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of systematic reinforcement for controlling children's behavior (Chang, 2003; Kazdin, 2000; Maggin et al., 2011). Today it is common for teachers to set up the classroom so that children accumulate points, tokens, or gold stars that they can then exchange for material rewards such as candy or toys. In addition, children may pool their rewards for special treats such as parties or field trips. Using operant conditioning principles is clearly better for children than having teachers shout at them or let the class go wild. Using these tangible rewards has a downside, however. Under some circumstances, material rewards can undermine the teacher's agenda and children's progress. Activities that are intrinsically interesting to children may lose their appeal if the children are rewarded for doing them (Lepper & Henderlong, 2000). Need Assignment Help?