Problem:
There are four primary symptom clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal, and negative thoughts or feelings. Re-experiencing Re-experiencing the traumatic event(s) can include a variety of symptoms such as flashbacks or "re-living" the event, nightmares with similar feelings of fear, and intrusive memories of the traumatic event that relentlessly play through their mind. Avoidance/Numbing Avoidance and numbing symptoms can sometimes be seen with those who isolate and avoid being around others for longer periods of time. Avoiding reminders of trauma or displaying emotional detachment can be used to restrict effect. Hyperarousal Hyperarousal symptoms include exaggerated startle responses, hypervigilance, irritability, and sleep disturbances. This symptom cluster can be concerning as it can display more aggressive expressions such as anger, aggression and physical or verbal abuse Negative Thoughts or Feelings This symptom cluster involves insistent negative beliefs about oneself or others, guilt, shame, and emotional numbness. These symptoms resemble depression and can lead to misdiagnosis. People who experience these symptoms may not realize their negative thoughts are due to their traumatic experience(s). Another reason it can be minimizing symptoms and may have thoughts that the "negative thoughts will pass or can be managed" (Explain the above four symptom clusters of PTSD giving examples relevant to survivors of intimate partner violence providing references. Need Assignment Help?