Problem
A. What is meant by the terms "innate" and "adaptive" defenses?
B. Briefly describe the "first line defenses" and how they are able to protect us from pathogens.
C. Describe two of the antimicrobial substances that we possess.
D. Describe two ways in which our normal microbiota protects us against pathogens.
E. Which are the four different types of leukocytes, and what are their major functions?
F. What is meant by the terms "pattern recognition receptors" and "pathogen associated molecular patterns?" What role do these things play in immunity?
G. What are the three major outcomes (effects) of the Complement System. Describe them briefly.
H. Briefly describe the events that occur during phagocytosis.
I. A lot of attention has been dedicated to the so-called "cytokine storm" that can occur in patients with COVID-19. What are cytokines, and what is a cytokine storm? Why are they potentially life-threatening? What is one potential therapeutic that is being developed to combat the cytokine storm?
J. In what way can a fever actually be a good thing?
K. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of pathogenicity for Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani. Explain it to me like you are tutoring me in high school biology.
L. Explain how Stretococcus pyogenes is pathogenic, AND two mechanisms it uses to evade the host immune system responses.