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q show the properties of microwavesmicrowaves - frequencies among 1 and 300 ghz- unidirectional- narrow focus requires sending as well as receiving
radio waves - frequency ranges 3 khz to 1 ghz- omni directional- susceptible to interference by other antennas utilizing same frequency or band-
disadvantages of fiber optics - installationmaintenance- unidirectional-
q advantages of fiber optics- higher bandwidth in comparison to twisted-pair and coaxial cable is not limited by medium but by equipment used to
applications of fiber optics - backbone networks because of wide bandwidth and cost effectiveness- cable tv- lans- 100base-fx fast
- light source is led light-emitting diode or a laser- leds are cheaper however not as precise unfocused limited to short-distance use- lasers is
q single mode for transmitting optical signals- merely one beam from a light source is transmitted using a smaller range of angles- smaller diameter
q what is multimode graded-index fiber- ever since the core density decreases with distance from the centre the light beams refract into a curve-
q multimode for transmitting optical signals- multiple beams from light source travel through core at different paths- multimode step-index fiber
coaxial applications amp performance - analog plus digital phone networks- cable tv networks- traditional ethernet lans- power line and home
q unshielded twisted pair - transmission media- a most common kind suitable for both voice and data transmission- categories are determined by chain
q define guided media- offers a conduit from one device to another- signal is directed as well as contained by physical limits of medium-
q what is transmission media- actually situated below the physical layer- directly controlled through the physical layer- data should be converted
q show the application layer responsibilities- make possible user access to the network- user interfaces as well as support for services such as
q host system in tcp-ip model- standards adopted because of widespread use like internet- the protocols came first plus the model was really just a
qrole of host systemhosts on osi implementations dont handle network operations simple terminal but tcpip hosts participate in most network protocols
q focus of reliability control- implementation of the osi model puts emphasis on providing a reliable data transfer service while the tcpip model
q subnet layer of the tcp-ip modelthese two layers of the osi correspond straight to the subnet layer of the tcpip model majority of the time the
q show data link and physical vs subnet- data link layer the function of the data link layer is -offers for the control of the physical layer and
q explain tcp-ip routing architecture the tcpip routing architecture looks extremely much like the osi routing architecture hosts utilize a
q describe osi routing architecture end systems ess as well as intermediate systems iss use routing protocols to distribute -advertise some or all of
q osi network layer addressing isoiec and ccitt mutually administer the global network addressing domain the primary hierarchical decomposition of
q define internet network address the internet network address is additional commonly called the -ip address it consists of 32 bits a few of which
q diffrence between network vs internet layers- similar to all the other osi layers the network layer provides both connectionless and
q comparing transport for tcpip and osi model- the features of tcp and udp defined at tcpip transport layer correspond to many of the requirements of