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a class is made abstract by declaring one or more of its virtual functions to be pure a pure virtual function is one with an initializer of 0 in its
a relation schema r is in bcnf with respect to a set f of functional dependencies if for all functional dependencies in f of the form a-gtb where a
by 2 pointers you can find it one of them goes 2 nodes each time the second one goes at 1 node each time if there is a cycle the one that goes 2
polymorphism in c is the idea that a base class can be inherited by various classes a base class pointer can point to its child class and a base
what are the types of container classes in c ans a container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memoryexternal storage a container
if two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of or orthogonal to each other orthogonal in the sense means
some pure object oriented languages are smalltalk eiffel java
what are the conditions that have to be met for a condition to be an invariant of the classans the condition should hold at the end of each
stack unwinding in c is a process during exception handling when the destructor is known for all local objects the place where the exception was
a class invariant is a condition that describes all valid states for an object it is a logical condition to make sure the correct working of a class
it is an object of a number of classes whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not exist one common use for a null object
a class that has no functionality of its own is an adaptor class in c its member functions hide the use of a third party software component or an
message in c objects converse by sending messages to each other a message is sent to invoke a method in c method in c gives response to a message
a using declaration in c makes it likely to use a name from a namespace without the scope
an accessor is a class operation that does not change the state of an object in c the access or functions require to be declared as const operations
the standard c library function is removing this is thus one of the few questions in this section for which the answer is not its system-dependent on
on many systems you can describe a function matherr which will be known as when there are certain floating-point errors like errors in the math
these days theyre pretty much obsolete theyre definitely system-particular they had to do with 16-bit programming under ms-dos and perhaps some early
which is more efficient a switch statement or an if else chainans the differences if any are likely to be small the switch statement was designed to
no c dont have circular shift operator part of the reason why that is the sizes of cs types arent precisely described----but a circular shift makes
its not trivial to execute nested functions such that they have the proper access to local variables in the having functions so they were
the c programming language is a standardized programming language forrned in the early 1970s by ken thompson and dennis ritchie for use on the unix
a scrollbar is a component but not a container while scrollpane is a container and handles its own events and do its own scrolling